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Go to Editorial ManagerTheory in general have been seen from two point of view, in one side, we find that Theory have drawn from the philosophical roots which have its consideration that consistence with people persuasion and researcher's agreement, and from the other side theory is responsible about giving an interpretations and explanations about something in nature or in the cultural social world in a way that it's statements may permit to be tested and analyzed by the action of the research. And because of the interdisciplinary wide range of subjects that may the theory of Architecture builds from , and in order to understand the scientific nature of the Academic Architectural local theorization, thereby we have to explain what do we mean by ( Theory) as a general Concept ,and in Architecture specifically ,in addition we have to explain the wide range of subjects that may the theory of Architecture builds from ,which makes its scientific testing method difficult because of the big parts of its subjects that belong to the human science where concepts like (Subjectivity),(Values),(Ideology) play a Big role in. and so the needs to provide a descriptive framework for the characteristics of the scientific theory in general was risen ,which may be very helpful to distinguish the instructions that achieve the scientific theory in its real meaning within the Academic Architectural local theorizing specifically. From here the research problem where determined by: " we do not have a framework that capable of describe the Academic Architectural local theorization whether it is achieve the criteria of formulating the scientific theorization or not. So the research seeks to:" state the nature of the scientific instructions to formulate the Architectural Theory , and the problem of it in general, and the way that we can classify the theory by, and disclose the theoretical framework which we can use to test the Architectural theorizing (postgraduate students dissertation - M.s.c. & Ph.D.- ) .the research determined the forward mechanism to achieve it's Goal which consist of: defining the meaning of theory in general ,and the position of the Architectural theory in the Theorizing World to reach the characteristics of the general descriptive framework of theory to depend on in testing the Academic Architectural local theorization whether it is achieve its criteria or not. The research conclude that descriptive framework, and explain the interdisciplinary wide range of subjects that may the theory of Architecture builds from, and the way that the theory of Architecture were classified between (Normative &Positivist Theory) and the characteristics of each trend. The Research Findings were summarized that the Normative Theory ( the Argumentational theories especially) which work in (what Ought to be ) Level ,suffered from the difficulty of connecting them with the living world or with the fact the they cannot be tested, and the research also find that these theories by its Hypotheses do not have it's logical connections ( we mean by logic :the relation between Premises & Conclusions),it's Premises institutes on Metaphysical world beyond the real living world ) which work in (what Ought to be ) Level and the differences of their philosophical Structures due to the difference of their basic philosophical assumptions ( Existential , Epistemological ,Methodological ,and approach to the human nature) that adopted by the researchers. The research recommended the necessity of distinguish between the theorizing criteria for subject research that belong to the two level of hypotheses (what ought to be -level, & and the level of -what it is exist already) where it is not valid to conclude one from the other because they have different testing criteria.
In the last two decades Modern architecture of the 20th century has become a primary focus for numerous global organizations, researchers, and academics who aim to preserve and sustain it. The leading parties in this endeavor are UNESCO and the International DOCOMOMO. They recognize modern heritage as tangible, authentic, carrying exceptional features and modern characteristics that reflect values, shifts, and norms of its era. Therefore, Docomomo has identified key Modernist Merits as criteria to assess the authenticity of this heritage, while UNESCO has listed many modern buildings and sites on the World Heritage List. In this respect many Iraqi modernist buildings suffer from mishandling and poor interest. Numerous have been distorted, demolished, or are on the verge of disappearing. This reflects a lack of understanding their exceptional modernist values which are worthy of preservation, and thus inefficiency in managing this heritage. Given that Intervention in modernist heritage involves adhering to guidelines set by international organization, the vague connection between criteria of DOCOMOMO and those of UNESCO clouds the process. Therefore, this article focuses on addressing the relationship between the two organizations' sets of criteria and clarifying their connection. The authors also aimed to address the national Iraqi context by assessing selected cases of modernist heritage buildings by one of Iraq’s modernism pioneers, architect Qahtan Al-Madfai, against DOCOMOMO’s criteria for modernist merits, highlighting the originality of Iraqi modernist heritage.Using a descriptive analytical approach, the theoretical sections of the paper begin by exploring the principles and characteristics of modern architecture, followed by identifying the exceptional values of modernist buildings, defined by DOCOMOMO as Modernist Merits and linking them to UNESCO's criteria. The practical part includes an experts’ survey to assess the Modernist Merits of the selected sample of Al- Madfaies’ buildings.The research results showed that Qahtaan Al-Madfai’s architecture was distinguished by a high evaluation of two Merits (exceptional features): the technological feature and the artistic aesthetic feature. While the first was fairly preserved, the second feature was affected in some buildings as a result of the mismanagement of these buildings and the lack of awareness of their values.
Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Massive Multiple Input Multiple Out (MIMO) system is a key technology for future wireless transmission. The system's architecture can differ based on the type of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) used at the receiver, whether they are all low-resolution or a mix of different resolutions (Mixed-ADCs). Mixed-ADCs is a promising solution to achieve better performance than low-resolution ADC-only architectures by leveraging high-resolution ADCs to capture critical signal components while maintaining energy efficiency through low-resolution ADCs. In this paper, the problem of channel estimation for this system architecture is taken into consideration. A novel compressive-sensing based algorithm, that is called Approximate Conjugate Gradient Pursuit (ACGP), is proposed to estimate the channel coefficients. The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated under varying system parameters, including different Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR), Radio Frequency (RF) chains, ADC resolutions, and numbers of observation frames. Matlab software was used to perform numerical simulations. The results demonstrated that mixed-ADCs architecture outperforms low resolutions only in performance. It was found that ACGP achieves lower Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) compared to Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) and Least Square (LS), particularly in low SNR conditions showcasing its robustness and efficiency in signal reconstruction, achieving an average enhancement of 30% to 50% at moderate SNR levels. While OMP exhibited faster computation times under various number of observation frames, ACGP maintained stable computational performance, with a slight increase in computation time. For applications where accurate channel estimation is required under noisy environment, the proposed algorithm is an effective choice to meet such requirements.
Architecture represented a product of successive stages with integrated interconnected rings that seek to build architectural thought. While the beginning of an output is related to a need decision, it is achieved by accepting a certain idea. The idea, however, is related to the act, in giving output that is the result of a particular principle in the construction and installation of architecture. Thus their development according to the needs of society.Thus, a number of influences play an active role in the nature of the acceptability of the (architectural) output, especially in relation to the projection of that thought on the architectural output. In addition, the conformity of the acceptability of this output to the recipient, through the emergence of needs that motivate the designer to use the vocabulary building (may be local) familiar to the recipient, from the simplification of meanings in architecture and make them more familiar and closer to the recipient to satisfy the need of them. The accepted product is associated with the personality of the architect. The more mature his thinking and the greater his potential in innovation and research, the greater his acceptance. In the impact of output on the receiver, related to what happens in the design process, and the type of thought that the designer can access and employ in the production. As opposed to extinguishing the need of a user and receiver.It is, therefore, Has given building effect of the design act, t To reach a product that is thoughtfully acceptable, by skipping the deficit with multiple admissions.In contrast to the influence of thought on the composition of the product.And both of them, and by the adoption of the tools of man's superficial and internal and spiritual acceptance of the acceptance of the product of architecture.
After long eras of socialism, wars and economic embargo when Iraqi people were severely exhausted, Iraq finally adopts free market economy. Its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased rapidly.The fortune was to flow in a proper frame of legislations to Iraqis.Since wealth needs time to grow for a person, and housing commodity is of high costs, then legislation were to be issued to organize flow of the national wealth to support private sector in housing finance.In respond, the Law of Iraqi Housing Bank (IHB) No. 32 was issued in 2011.This research is to solve the conflicts of the (IHB) Law and to support Iraqi legislators regarding this aspect. This research claims that this law should be revised by the Iraq Parliament. The research comes to help in this mission. The law of (IHB) should not conflict with The Iraqi Constitution.The range of this research is the “Status-in-force” Iraqi legislations only.It discusses the housing finance relations in various Iraqi legislations.
This study focused on the urban transformations resulting from the removal processes taking place in the urban fabric of sacred city centers, under the pretext of increasing urban capacity due to the density of use, which leads to the removal of important parts of the traditional urban fabric and adding them to the public urban space. To determine the amount of usage densities that the area can accommodate represented by the case study, which is the center of the holy city of Najaf: the study was based on using a quantitative measurement approach to test the hypothesis using a multivariable density measurement tool. A space matrix capable of measuring densities, accessibility, and diversity in the fabric during three time periods, a historical period 1900, 1990, and the current time 2024, to know the amount of changes that have occurred in the fabric. A qualitative measurement tool, which is a random sample questionnaire, was used to measure perceived density to find out which fabrics within the city center are more accommodating of congestion. The research has found that high and advanced accessibility through an integrated fabric with high connectivity that makes the city spaces work as one space leads to an increase in flows. It works to reduce the momentum in the city center and thus preserve the traditional urban fabric that must be emptied for pedestrians, as it represents the only fabric with The human scale at the level of the city as a whole (i.e. a fabric that is comfortable for pedestrians) also represents the identity of the area, and to accommodate the densities, the percentage of building density must be increased outside the traditional fabric.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the most common children's neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) with an estimated global incidence of 1% to 2%. There are two aims for this research, first, to propose a data mining architecture that combines behavioural and clinical characteristics with demographic data. Second, to provide a quick, acceptable and easy way to support the ASD diagnosis. this can be performed by conducting a comparison study to determine the efficacy of four possible classifiers: logistic regression (LR), sequential minimum optimization (SMO), naïve Bayes, and instance-based technique based on k-neighbors (IBK). These classifiers have been performed with Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) tools to distinguish autistic adults from healthy, normal subjects. The results showed that, with 99.71%, SMO classification accuracy was 99.71, which exceeded the accuracy of other classifiers. The proposed architecture allows for early detection of ASD, distinguishing between ASD and healthy control subjects. This study could help doctors and clinicians by giving them a better idea of what the future holds for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and by improving therapy programs, allowing people with ASD to live a long and happy life.
This research deals with the subject of Built heritage attractions in Muslim historical building, for what it represents, as an element dealing with Cultural tourism, in the process of developing tourism industry of the city._x000D_ The location of Mustansiriya Madrassa in Baghdad’s commercial district could make it a profitable investment project to revive a cultural, artistic and tourist centre that could make it a cultural Tourism haven._x000D_ The problem emerges through, how the role of built heritage to attract tourists in order to give vitality and liveability to the cultural tourism destination such as Al - Mustansiriya Madrassa which is one of the most popular heritage destinations, a historic school building situated in the ancient Abbasid district of Rusafa in the very heart of Baghdad._x000D_ Therefore, the research's aim is to shed light on the heritage attraction as a mean to clarify the meaning of Cultural Tourism and specifying its definition._x000D_ This research explains how the built heritage plays an important role in tourism in general and in the cultural tourism in particular because they attract tourists and provides a sustainable economic resource through its inclusion of values that make it distinct from other sources of attraction.
Heritage buildings are part of the connection between the past and the present. By paying attention to their occupancy, we keep the present and future generations in touch with what our ancestors achieved, hence sustaining them being part of the living heritage. Restoration and renovation procedures must be carried out to make them capable of meeting contemporary needs, However, it is essential to recognize the architectural characteristics that resonate with long term occupants. This research focuses on the effect of design characteristics on the psychological relationship between heritage buildings and their occupants, through case studies of two heritage buildings in Baghdad. The first is the previous Theological college building of Al al-Bayt University of the 1920s, now the College of education for girls, and the second is the 19th century Ottoman Al-Qishla building. The study relies on conducting a questionnaire for the occupants about their response to design characteristics of each building. The questionnaire concluded that the design characteristics of the heritage building have a significant impact on the psychological response of its occupants. The majority of respondents indicated that characteristics such as clarity of function, clarity of elements, sense of security, privacy, and flexibility, were satisfactory. The majority of respondents expressed appreciation for heritage buildings, as well as positive evaluations and appreciation for the reflection of the past in these buildings, indicating that “architectural characteristics of the heritage building” has a significant impact on the psychological connection felt by the occupants of the heritage building.
From centuries , the human struggle against the forces that effected on its shelter and try to conserve it , to obtain stable structure that protect him from the external forces and meets him desire to conserve this structure as cultural inheritance from the past ._x000D_ The development in architect possibilities push him to search about building not just as a distinctive design among the public pattern of building , and meet it desire of eternity and crossing the time barrier towards the durability ._x000D_ As the visual part that we can realized physically need for materials having the advantages of the durability, the research supposed "The relation of the monumentality of architecture in its physical part with the main three substrates of the durability of building materials that presented in : climate , time and human " the research focus on this substrates and its effect to arrive to monument buildings ._x000D_ The research try to define the vocabularies of durability and monumentality and abstracting three substrates that forming its assumption and the research indicates mainly to the importance of the architect knowledge of the durability of materials after choosing and using in building and know every substrate from the main three supposed substrates that effected on it during the life service that supposed to be work in it, and define nanotechnology in building materials and its effect on durability._x000D_ Finally the research take a research samples that tested in the research assumption for the three substrates that effected on the durability of material and its mirror on the monumentality arriving to the final results and recommendation.
The paper focuses on the role of participatory design and its various methods—such as awareness methods, social interaction methods, as well as indirect and open methods— that involve all citizens in the process of design, implementation, and future development process. The architect's role in this process is to transform the desires and visions of the participants into a practical reality, ensuring that their needs are met to create vibrant spaces. This involves achieving specific indicators that generate vitality in these spaces, including diversity, communication opportunities, strong identity, concentrated density, accessibility, and safety, all of which enhance social interaction. The paper referred to a number of international examples in Norway and Denmark, and Arab examples in Jordan that proved the effectiveness of the participatory approach in achieving vital environments. Hence, the research problem is represented by the following questions: How does participatory design contribute to enhancing the vitality of the space? To what extent is the participatory design methodology applied to enhance vitality and help achieve a sense of belonging within the space? The paper findings emphasized the importance of participatory design in meeting the needs of the local community and in creating a vital, safe, and inclusive environment characterized by social cohesion, cooperation, ownership, belonging, and equality. This highlights the importance of encouraging the entire community to engage in the design process, which can lead to creative ideas and empower citizens. The paper recommends adopting the participatory design approach to improve the quality of life and enhance the vitality of urban spaces.
Three decades of empirical research have proven that well-being in humans is stimulated by designs that link people to natural elements and landscapes. Environmental psychology research also revealed that these characteristics can lower stress and anxiety while having a positive impact on human productivity. therefore, there were more recent interest from theorists and architects to discover approaches to re-connect the constructed environment with the natural components. One of the most current theories of re-communication and its use in architecture is called "biophilia.". Therefore, the research problem is the lack of knowledge of biophilic architecture and what are the most prominent features affecting the user. the research aims to shed light on the basics of this design theory as well as testing its design patters in the educational environment to find out which attributes are most effective for users in improving productivity and well-being By adopting the quantitative descriptive approach and based on a questionnaire for the purpose of adopting it in design and to aid in the practical application of the Biophilia idea by designers and architects. The research concluded that there are design features that are more important than others for educational buildings, such as (day light, water, air, plants, landscapes, mobility, integrating the parts to create the whole).
Children of hyperactivity are like any other children, but they are unable to integrate with society and the environment, because hyperactivity is a developmental disorder that makes the child uncontrollable, difficult to understand, learn and socialize and is placed in the centres of disease control as a serious public health problem. Here, the role of architecture is in its active contribution to improving social interaction and addressing part of the problems of this group of children. This treatment has a significant impact on improving the quality of children's environment in general and children of hyperactivity in particular, thus facilitating interaction and learning with their peers by working to create a healthy environment that meets their needs inside and outside the building. Due to the lack of interest or thorough studies on children with hyper-active, distracted children and the impact of their surrounding environment, whether internal or external, especially within Iraq, despite their considerable and multiple creative potential (physical or mental). Therefore, the aim of the research was to determine the extent of the effect of green on the elite or hyperactivity symptoms of children suffering from hyperactivity syndrome, and to contribute to their positive, sensory and collective appearance.
The target of architecture is present buildings serve the requirements of the human both of aesthetic , functional and safety to serve the people needs , and design buildings could resist the exterior envelopes that may effect on their work in perfect way , and one of the big risks of damage on buildings and people is " the earthquake " and with the scientific developments of buildings field specially the designing of tall buildings ,the architect should have strategies for seismic design for tall buildings. And with The need of founding aclear framework of the strategies of architecture design resistant to earthquake, especially in tall buildings .the research aim to found these strategies by the identification of the main load applied on the tall building structure and the best solution of structure design that serve the resistance of lateral load , then search for the best of configuration for seismic design. Also define the " Damping systems in tall buildings " and clarify the main types and the advantages and disadvantages of each one . Finally discuss the design considerations of using damping systems which found in the research samples .
This work suggests a Deep Learning (DL) architecture based on You Only Look Once YOLOv11 for Skin Cancer (SC) detection. The similarity between malignant and benign lesions makes visual inspection a failure to distinguish between them. To solve this problem, the proposed approach uses a 3-step pre-processing stage, namely hair removal, color normalization, and Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) contrasts, has been conducted to eliminate artifacts and improve image quality. Balanced data augmentation on the training set of the PROVe-AI dataset. In this process, YOLOv11 with C3k2 module and C2PSA module showed significant results in optimized multi-scale feature collection and spatial interest. The experimental outcome demonstrates that the proposed model has a classification accuracy of 93.09% and led the baseline models, such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The proposed optimized YOLOv11 architecture allows for skin cancer detection in a computationally efficient framework with promising preliminary results so that the proposed approach can be a beneficial Artificial intelligence (AI) tool for early diagnosis, particularly in a lack of high-tech medical facilities.
Identifying fish species in natural aquatic environments remains challenging due to changing light conditions, turbid water, and complex underwater scenes. Most current deep-learning models rely on controlled datasets, which limits their use in real-world settings. This study presents Auto Fish, a mobile deep-learning system for real-time, offline fish species identification on Android devices. The system uses the MobileNetV2 architecture, optimized with TensorFlow Lite for processing on the device. This approach ensures high accuracy while keeping computational costs low. We trained and evaluated the model on a balanced dataset of 8,000 annotated images, including nine marine species: Sea bass, Red sea bream, Horse mackerel, Gilt-head bream, Shrimp, Black sea sprat, Trout, Red mullet, and Striped red mullet. Extensive preprocessing, image enhancement, and stratified sampling helped the model perform well despite variations in lighting and background conditions. The experimental results showed a validation accuracy of 99.2%, with both macro and micro Precision, Recall, and F1-scores around 99.3%, and an average False Positive Rate (FPR) of 0.09%. The system supports offline recognition, cloud syncing via Firebase, and delivers real-time results within 4.2 seconds per image on mid-range smartphones. These findings show that Auto Fish can effectively classify fish species in the field while remaining efficient and easy to use. This work offers a practical AI-based solution that connects research with ecological monitoring, empowering citizen scientists and conservationists to document biodiversity using mobile technology.
Contemporary urban discourse is paying increasing attention to the issue of urban resilience, due to the stresses, disasters and disturbances (natural and human) that the cities of the world are experiencing and facing, which confirms the need to be familiar with the concept of urban resilience, its dimensions, practices, and characteristics at different levels; In order to reach the aspects of developing the urban energy sector in them, and in a way that supports the preparedness of cities to face potential expected and unexpected disturbances in the future, as cities are usually formed from many main and sub-systems that are dynamically intertwined with each other, such as: the social and economic system, infrastructure systems, land use, and media Various transports, which have a high level of direct interactions with the natural environment; ; It is therefore necessary to understand how the city deals with the odds of threats and challenges in an integrated manner; To overcome its weaknesses and enhance its resilience of use, which aims to make cities more secure, resilient and sustainable in the future, as well as that requires rethinking the field of expanding the use of renewable energies and the general urban landscape. To become a search problem “Failure to exploit the potential of natural energies on the possibility of exploiting renewable natural energies with their components (active and passive) in the production of resilience urban formations in cities.” The aim of the research is to try to "extract an integrated theoretical framework on the characteristics of urban energy resilience from international and Arab experiences, and to diagnose its most important planning and design pillars and indicators, which can be adopted to evaluate the reality of urban energy resilience in local cities." The research hypothesized that “the exploitation of energy systems produced from renewable natural resources, for the purposes of environmental treatments for resilient cities, especially in the buildings of housing projects and their urban surroundings, reduces the consumption of fossil energies for the city, frees its sites from linking to depleted energy transmission networks, and reduces potential environmental pollution problems, which contributes to in the production of flexible energy systems and helps in the generation of flexible cities." The descriptive analysis method was adopted.
The composite opened web steel joist supported floor systems have been common for many years. It is economic and has light weight and can embed the electrical conduit, ductwork and piping, eliminating the need for these to pass under the member, consequently eliminate the height between floors. In order to study the joist strength capacity under the various conditions, it had been fabricated seven joists composed of the steel and concrete slab connected to the top chord by shear connectors (headed studs). These joist have 2820 mm length c/c of the supports and 235 mm overall depth. In the present study, six variable parameters are adopted (Studs distribution, Degree of shear connection, Degree of the web inclination, Shape of the web, Density of concrete for slab and length of the shear connector). The test results exhibited that minimum strength capacity was 160kN for light weight joist and maximum capacity was 225kN for joist of long shear connectors at failure. The results were compared by ultimate flexural model by Azmi.
Construction joints are separations between successive concrete pours. They are critical in the building of large concrete structures, since these structures cannot be cast in a single pour. Self-consolidation concrete is a relatively new kind of concrete that is considered suitable for a wide range of construction applications, especially those needing a high early resistance. Certain findings from earlier experimental tests were adopted and analyzed using finite element analysis. ANSYS program was used to analyze the impact of utilizing high strength concrete (fc') and the secondary reinforcement ratio (ρv) on the behavior of reinforced self-consolidating concrete beams having a horizontal construction joint. Nine beams analyzed in this study have the same dimensions (150×180×1200) mm (width× height ×length). Between the two supports, the clear span was 1100 mm. Two-point loads were applied to the simply supported beams during testing. One of the beams acts as a control beam (without a construction joint) and the remaining beams were with horizontal construction joint in the tension zone. The ultimate loads obtained analytically vary by between 3.1% and 7.8 % from those found experimentally. The presence of the horizontal construction joints made the beam less stiff. Utilizing a 70 MPa high strength concrete resulted in a 47.4 % in ultimate load over the experimental value for regular strength concrete (28 MPa). Increasing the ratio of secondary reinforcement (0.01229 to 0.049) resulted in a 10.3% increase in ultimate load magnitude, while decreasing the ratio of secondary reinforcement (0.01229 to 0.0025) with spanning the spacing between stirrups led to a reduction in ultimate load magnitude by 55.8%.
Poly(vinyl chloride) photodecomposition films that contains melamine Schiff base (0.5% by weight) as photostabilizers upon preservation with an ultraviolet light (UV) was investigated. The photodecomposition rate constant was reduced significantly in existence of melamine Schiff base compared to PVC (blank). The Schiff base 1 was found to most effective additive in PVC photostabilization films. Photodecomposition rate content for PVC films containing Schiff base 1 was found to be 5 × 10-3 sec-1 compared to 8.7 × 10-3 sec-1 for blank film. Ultraviolet radiation aging behaviors of PVC films were studied through leaching test by measuring the degree of migration. The surface morphology of PVC films was inspected by scanning electron microscope.
In this study, the analytic model (Azmi Model) had been considered for computation the load capacities of the composite open web steel joists and compared them with those obtained from experimental tests. The capacities of seven joists had been studied, each including one of the following variables (distribution of headed studs, connection degree of the connectors, inclination of the web, shape of the web, density of slab concrete, length of connectors).Theoretically, according to the Analytic model, the referenced joist of (45° web inclination , uniformly distributed ,over connected ,short headed studs) exhibited maximum load capacity of (18.45) ton, while the joist of (45° web inclination, uniformly distributed, under connected, short headed studs) exhibited minimum load capacity of (16.23) ton at yield point of bottom chord. Experimentally, the referenced joist exhibited maximum load capacity of (15.51) ton, while the joist of (34° web inclination, uniformly distributed, over connected, short headed studs) exhibited (12.49) ton load capacity. The load capacities values of the tested joists ranged between (67%-85%) of the predicted values according to the analytic model.
In this work, environmentally friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles was produced using sustainable green technology. With several loading amounts, such as 5%, 10%, 50%, and 100%, the banana peel extract was utilized as a capping agent. This was followed by calcinations at 400 ºC for 3 h in a muffle furnace. To evaluate the physical and chemical change of the synthesized nanoparticles, XRD, FTIR, UV-VIS and SEM/EDAX was used. The characterization results reveald that the all the green synthesized ZnO NPs samples strongly supports the well-crystallinity with high phase purity. The average crystallite size of the prepared samples was calculated using Debye-Scherer's formula and the results shows that with an increase in extract amount, the average crystallite size was shrinking. The FTIR result verified the successful chemical reaction between zinc salt and banana peel extract. The UV-VIS results showed the effect of size quantisization phenomena at 100% extract adding. Finally, the SEM images for all the prepared samples confirm the spherical shape.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that severely impacts cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and reasoning, ultimately affecting daily life. Early and accurate detection is crucial for timely intervention and management. Traditional diagnostic methods, including neuroimaging and cognitive assessments, can be expensive and time-consuming, necessitating more accessible and efficient alternatives. This study aims to develop an automated and efficient deep learning-based detection system that uses Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to accurately classify AD and healthy individuals. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model was designed to extract meaningful features from preprocessed EEG data. The architecture consists of convolutional layers with max pooling, dropout regularization, and fully connected layers to improve classification accuracy. The model was trained and evaluated on a comprehensive EEG dataset, using key performance metrics such as accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-score. The proposed CNN model achieved a high classification accuracy of 94.56%, a low loss of 0.2162, and an AUC value of 0.93828, demonstrating superior classification capability. The results indicate that the model effectively distinguishes between AD and healthy individuals, outperforming several state-of-the-art approaches. The findings highlight the potential of deep learning-based EEG analysis for AD detection, providing an accessible and cost-effective tool for early diagnosis. The high accuracy of the proposed CNN model suggests that it can assist medical professionals in making well-informed decisions, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
The daily peak load forecasting for the next day is the basic operation of generation scheduling. The approach of using ANN methodology alone is limited which has generated interest to explore hybrid system. In this paper a search of genetic programming to a short term load forecasting is presented. A genetic architecture with the fitness normalization has been used to find as optimum data peak load of Baghdad city. The optimize data applied to the ANN to be trained and tested to estimate the daily peak load of Baghdad city. Different cases for load forecasting are considered with the aid of MATLAB 7 package to get the estimation of the next day. So an improvement method of genetic optimization is proposed to get a better solution for the load estimation rather than artificial neural network.
The fifth generation (5G) and beyond mobile networks support increasing number of users with increasing bit rate per users. This has encouraged researchers to propose coherent digital subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) point-to-multipoint (P2MP) architectures to reduce the cost and complexity of optical transport networks, particularly in the metro aggregation scenario. However, coherent optical receiver is relatively costly and complexity compared with a direct-detection (DD) counterpart due to the use of a synchronized local laser. This paper addresses design issues and performance investigation of intensity modulation/direct-detection (IM/DD) P2MP optical networks. P2MP architectures are designed using digital RF multisubcarrier (MSC) waveform embedded on the intensity of continuous-wave (CW) laser beside direct-detection scheme. The design covers C- and O-band operation using a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) architecture. Further single- and double-polarization (SP and DP) versions are reported for each type of the networks. All the architectures are built in Optisystem version 15 environment and simulated for different network parameters, under the assumption of 25 Gbps per subcarrier data rate. The main performance measures are maximum route reach and bit rate-distance product (BDP). The simulation results indicate that DD networks can replaced the coherent counterpart when number of subcarriers per optical channel is 4. Further, the O-band P2MP networks offer high values of maximum reach and BDP than C-band counterparts.