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Go to Editorial ManagerThe transportation cost problem of solid waste presents the biggest part of the budget allocated by municipalities for SWM. So, there is no comprehensive plan to address transport routes optimization problems in SWM that including the transfer of solid waste from transfer stations to final landfill sites. Therefore, the aim of the study finding a scientific method to solve the transportation problem of solid waste transport suitable Baghdad city that tries to find feasible solutions that ensure reducing total transport costs and leads to an effective solid waste management system. In this research, a new methodology has been developed to select the optimal transport routs of SWM in Baghdad city which involves determining the best-supposed scenario. the proposed methodology includes integration of Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies with Network Analysis model (NA). Therefore, this work provides an advanced framework of decision-makers for analysis and simulation of the optimal transport routs problem related to SWM. Applying these modeling tools to select the scenario that can provide economic benefits by minimizing travel time, travel distance and reduction of total transportation costs. The Results of work implementation show that all solutions that include current state S1 and suggested scenarios have been evaluated. The scenarios generated include (S2, S3) by applying the proposed technique for analyzed and identified the optimal routes. The solutions of scenario S2, specified with two landfill sites while scenarios S3 specified with four landfill sites. Finally, this work shows the Scenario S3 is the best scenario of the solution, that include applied GPS and Network Analysis for four landfill sites.
This paper studies the effect of different design spectral response acceleration parameters as suggested by the uniform building code (UBC), unified facilities criteria (UFC), and Iraqi seismic code(1997) (ISC 97) on the seismic response of reinforced concrete multi-story framed building located in Baghdad city, Iraq. These parameters are: (a) spectral response accelerations Ss, at short periods, and S1 at a 1-second period in accordance with international building code (IBC), (b) seismic zone factor (Z) according to UBC, (c) Seismic hazard zoning coefficient (Z) according to ISC 97. In this paper, first, the elastic seismic responses for significant modes of vibration for chosen building under design response spectrum that obtained from the above mentioned codes are calculated, and then a comparison was made among different design spectral response acceleration parameters. The intent of this study is to review the seismic provisions of the current edition of Iraqi seismic code (1997) to determine whether it provides an equivalent level of safety to that contained in other international codes. Design base shears, lateral seismic forces, inter story drifts, response spectrum modal, effective seismic modification, floors acceleration and story shears are comparatively presented.
Power outages are a common and persistent problem in Iraq, significantly impacting various aspects of life and business. These interruptions disrupt routine household tasks and hinder more complex technical operations in industries and services. Emphasizing the need for careful management and proactive solutions. This paper introduces a real-world time series dataset for Baghdad city, including historical outages, weather conditions (such as temperature), and power overloads, and analyzes the correlation among these parameters in different seasons. The research uses this dataset to train one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks (1D CNN) to find patterns and relationships that can accurately predict when power outages can happen in the long term and short term to improve the management of the Baghdad electricity grid through data-driven networks. This model was evaluated using performance metrics, and the results show that CNN is accurate in predicting outages in the short term with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of (0.0077), whereas, in the long term, it has achieved an MAE of (0.0775). These predictive models have the potential to facilitate the development of proactive measures aimed at reducing the impact of power outages by anticipating potential outages in advance. This research focuses on enhancing the reliability and efficiency of Baghdad's electricity supply, ultimately contributing to economic growth and stability.
The daily peak load forecasting for the next day is the basic operation of generation scheduling. The approach of using ANN methodology alone is limited which has generated interest to explore hybrid system. In this paper a search of genetic programming to a short term load forecasting is presented. A genetic architecture with the fitness normalization has been used to find as optimum data peak load of Baghdad city. The optimize data applied to the ANN to be trained and tested to estimate the daily peak load of Baghdad city. Different cases for load forecasting are considered with the aid of MATLAB 7 package to get the estimation of the next day. So an improvement method of genetic optimization is proposed to get a better solution for the load estimation rather than artificial neural network.
The experimental analysis is conducted under the Iraqi climate conditions to investigate the performance enhancement of a solar updraft tower system (SUTS) using the porous copper foam as an absorber plate and conventional absorber plate with absorber inclination angle of 18°. In the present work, a semicircular collector is divided into two identical quarter thermal collectors to become two identical SUTS. One of the quarter circular thermal collectors contains on the metal foam as an absorber plate, while the other quarter collector on the conventional flat copper absorber plate. In this study the air inlet height is changed of (3, 5, and 8) cm. The experimental tests carried out in Baghdad city (latitude 33.3° N). Results showed that the air inlet height variation caused to enhance the solar updraft tower performance. The highest values was recorded when the air inlet height is 3 cm using porous absorber compared to flat absorber plate. Copper material foam as an endothermic surface causes a marked decrease in average surface temperature of the plate. The maximum hourly thermal efficiency of solar collector was increased to about 41.6 % and the maximum enhancement of the power output to about 45.2 % compared with flat absorber plate.
Most researches have predicted soil erosion of cohesive riverbanks using linear (excess shear stress model) and non-linear (Wilson model) models based on two soil parameters (detachment coefficient, kd, and critical shear stress, ?c) of the linear model and two soil mechanistic parameters (mechanistic detachment parameter, b0, and threshold parameter, b1) of the non-linear model. The goal of this research was to quantify the soil erodibility parameters of Tigris Riverbanks on Nu’maniyah-Kut Barrage reach using linear and non-linear models through the model parameters at three different water contents: dry side, optimum side, and wet side of water contents. Soil samples were collected from three locations south of Baghdad city on Nu’maniyah-Kut Barrage reach of Tigris Riverbanks. Six soil samples acquired from these sites were laboratory tests achieved using a miniature version of Jet Erosion Test device (“mini” JET) to determine the erodibility parameters of both linear and non-linear models. Blaisdell solution (BL) and scour depth solution (SD) were applied to determine (kd and ?c) of linear model from JETs data. Physical soil characteristics; including bulk density, particle size distribution (sand%, silt%, and clay%), average particle size (D50), and angle of repose were reported for six samples acquired from the three sites. The results showed lower value of kd of toe in compared with bank side for some specific sites as observed for both BL and SD solutions of excess shear stress model especially at wet side of water content. No general pattern of ?c related to different water content were observed. The parameters (b0 and b1) of non-linear model have the same behavior of linear model parameters (kd and ?c), but with different magnitude related to different water contents, respectively.