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Go to Editorial ManagerThe research focuses on studying the effect of microwave energy as an alternative heating method on dyeing and printing pretreatments of cotton fabrics. In this research, a microwave oven was used to heat the solutions which used in de-sizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerizing processes at different energy levels. The results showed the importance of this heating method in improving desizing efficiency where the best result was obtained at 180 W and 24 min and this method was beneficial in saving energy and time. The best result in scouring was obtained at 720 watts and 24 minutes, whereas at 720 watts and 20 minutes was the best result in bleaching. We can save energy, time and chemicals compared with the conventional method. The mercerizing by microwave increased the absorption of dye solutions for the samples compared with the traditional method, where the color strength increased by increasing the treatment time and the level of energy in the microwave and the best result was obtained at 900 watts and 90 seconds.
In this paper the ability of fabricating laminate composites by manual layup was discussed. Heating method was used to manufacture the composites; heat was applied to approximately 12 hours with specific heat temperature. There were four types of laminate composites fabricated and studied in this research, containing Aluminum alloy 6061 as the common element in all types, two types of fibers; woven Carbon fiber with two different orientations: ±45°, ±60°, random fiberglass and with two types of resin; epoxy resin and polyester resin. Different types of composites were made to determine the effect of CNC milling machine to the measured surface roughness and for specified parameters. The weight fraction ratio of the fibers is 37%, polymer is 34% and 29% for Aluminum. The parameters selected are spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut. The L9 Taguchi orthogonal arrays, signal to noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are selected to determine the effect of these parameters; it was analyzed by MINITAB 17 program. The results showed that the parameter were significant more to the epoxy resin specimens than polyester resin specimens. The optimal milling parameters for good surface finish for Aluminum – Carbon fiber composite are at 3000RPM, 1200mm/min, 1.2mm, and for Aluminum – Fiberglass composite are 5000RPM, 1800 mm/min, 2.0mm.