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Go to Editorial ManagerIn this work, a sensor for cooking oils was designed and fabricated for the first time using hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF). This sensor was studied practically, and the results showed a difference in sensitivity depending on the type of oil. The results showed that the wavelength shift occurred with very small changes in the refractive index of the edible oil. The confinement loss was computed. Seven oils with various refractive indices were utilized. Based on our results, the relative sensitivity to various kinds of Canola oil, Sunflower oil, Olive oil, Walnut oil, Sesame oil, Corn oil, and Wheat oil are 79.9321%, 80.1588%, 77.4523%, 77.4889%, and 77.5650%, 77.6652%, 80.5902% respectively. Moreover, the proposed sensor also has low confinement losses of 6.473×10-9dB/m, 1.158×10-9dB/m, 1.2×10-9dB/m, 1.20×10-9dB/m, 1.199×10-9 dB/m, 1.2×10-9dB/m, and 6.347×10-9dB/m respectively. This sensor can be used to measure the quality of oils and distinguish their types, and they can be a practical element in oil detection systems, which will bring about a change in the future in oil detection methods.
This study investigates the effect of Castor oil on the pollutants emissions in the continuous combustion chamber. The bio-blend fuels used are mixtures of Castor oil with two types of hydrocarbon fuels (gas oil and kerosene). The pollutants measured include carbon monoxide CO, unburned hydrocarbon UHC, soot and nitrogen oxide NOx . It is found that all pollutants have less emissions when using Castor oil blended in different percentages of 5% , 7%, and 10% . The lower emission with Castor oil blends due to the existence of oxygen O2 in the chemical structure of the Castor oil which is sufficient to seek the complete combustion. The test were conducted through the range of equivalence ratio between (0.85-1.7) . Results showed that Castor oil blends with gas oil brings a reduction of about 71.2% in CO, 22.1% in UHC, 37.8% in NOx and 29.6% in soot emissions from that of pure gas oil. But, blends with kerosene, showed a reduction of about 70.6% in CO, 20% in UHC, 35.8% in NOx and 29% in soot emissions compared with those of pure kerosene.
In the present work the worn journal bearing is simulated to discuss the effect of adding TiO2 nanoparticles to the base oil on its thermal performance. An extensive numerical investigation is carried out to study the effect of different parameters affecting thermal performance of worn journal bearing such as the eccentricity ratio (?), the wear depth parameter (?), and the nanoparticle concentration (?). The computational approach is provided by using finite difference method for solving the governing equations, namely, the modified Reynolds equation, energy and heat conduction equations with suitable equation to include the variation of the oil film thickness due to the bearing wear in order to estimate the benefits of using nanolubricant in worn journal bearings. Oil viscosity dependence on nanoparticle concentrations is considered by using Krieger Dougherty model. The mathematical model as well as the computer program prepared to solve the governing equations were validated by comparing the oil film pressure distribution obtained in the present work for a worn journal bearing with that obtained numerically by Hashimoto et.al [2](1986) with 3% maximum deviation between the results. The maximum oil film pressure obtained in this work was compared with that obtained experimentally by Roy [12] (2009) for intact journal bearing with 3% as a maximum error between the results. The results obtained show that the nanoparticles addition by 0.5% and 1% to the base oil increases the load carrying capacity of the worn journal bearing by 20% and 40% respectively while decreases the oil side leakage by 5% and 10% and friction coefficient by 2.75% and 5.7% as compared to that lubricated with pure oil. This is happen with the expense of power losses. Calculations also shows that adding a higher percentage of nanoparticles (2%) has a harmful effect on the performance of a worn journal bearing since the power losses is highly increased.
This work deals with treatment ofused lubricant oils whichare accumulate from automotive engine, bythermal conversion process. The used lubricant oil for two samples is fractionated by the atmospheric distillation device into fractions, (waste oil liquids and residue). Which are carried out at atmospheric pressure and temperature up to 350 ºC._x000D_ The conversion which was obtained from these fractions was (92 and95) % respectively for these two samples._x000D_ The fractionated waste oil liquids products fromatmospheric distillationdeviceare fractionated alsoto light fractions (gasoline, kerosene, gas oil) and residue for these two samples at atmospheric pressure according to their boiling point.These fractions for these two samples are also distillated inatmospheric distillation device, in order to calculatesome important physical and chemical properties (Mean average boiling point, specific gravity, flash point, aniline point, smoke point, molecular weight) of these fractions, to comparison with standardphysical and chemical properties, alsostudying the possibilities of industrial uses for these fractions._x000D_ The yield of gas oil for the first samplein waste lubricant oilisabout 50%, more than gasoline 15% and kerosene 30%from 100 ml of treatment waste lubricant oil, and more identical curve from gasoline and kerosene curve._x000D_ Also for the second sample, the yield of gas oil is the largest quantity 43%fromtheyield of gasoline 15% and yield of kerosene 35% from 200 ml of treatment waste lubricant oil, and more identical curve with kerosene from gasoline curve.
The paper describes a design and simulation of a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to control oil pipeline and depot plant. The aim of the process is to control oil transportation through a shared pipeline and to minimize products contamination. The study attempts to fulfill an optimal sequence of batches of refined products to satisfy the customer demands in term of: volume , maximum flow rate, optimizing the total operational cost, and reducing products contamination.The proposed system introduces a control algorithm to perform process control system functions and for achieving the tasks and actions in specific sequences and precedence. The control algorithm performs processing of pumping station control, sharing single oil pipeline, maintaining tanks level, and depot inventory control. This paper investigate many factors which effects the length of transmix segment, which enable to offer optimum solutions to reduce products contamination.LabVIEW software is used for performing various signals acquisition and monitoring, also for simulating and designing the control system strategy.
Gypseous soils are usually stiff when they are dry especially because of the cementation of soil particles by gypsum, but great loss in strength and sudden increase in compressibility occur when these soils are fully or partially saturated. The dissolution of the cementing gypsum causes high softening of soil. The problem becomes more complicated when water flows through the gypseous soil causing leaching and movement of gypsum. This study examines the improvement of gypseous soil properties using the Silicone oil to minimize the effect of moisture on these soils. This study was conducted on artificial gypseous soil (mixture of 30% Silber sand & 70 % Pure Gypsum) treated with silicone oil in different percentages. The reason for use the silicone oil as an additive to study the gypseous soil properties is due to the leakages of oil products from oil refinery in north of Iraq build on gypseous soil, this oil products infiltrate to the foundation soil of the refinery building facilities. _x000D_ The results showed that the Silicone oil is a good material to modify the basic properties of the gypseous soil of collapsibility and shear strength, which are the main problems of this soil and retained the soil by an appropriate amount of the cohesion suitable for carrying the loads from the structure.
In this work, four fiber Bragg gratings are fabricated by infiltration different volumes of liquids (star line Glass Mechanix optical adhesive material, olive oil diluted with ?ethanol) into the hollow core photonic crystal fibers (HC19-1550 (Thorlab Company)). The amplitude splitting interferometric technique with a high resolution specially designed translation stage was used for the fabrication process. This stage is capable of moving the fibers in micrometer ?resolution steps. The fabrication was carried out using blue laser operated at wavelength of 405 nm. The infiltrated four photonic crystal fibers were exposed to the blue laser beam of 405 nm forming periodic fringes for Bragg grating generation. These fringes were generated from the interference of two splitted laser beams. All fabricated fibers have the same Bragg length of 3.8 cm and average gratings periods of 0.224 ?m. The four fibers were analyzed by an optical microscope which displayed the areas that were cured using blue laser. The fabricated fibers also were tested by putting laser beam at one end of the fiber and determining the transmittance at the other fiber end by optical signal analyzer? (Thorlabs-CCS200). The resulted Bragg grating fibers have 653.3 nm Bragg reflected wavelength. The results also showed that fiber with higher volume of olive oil has the highest reflection peak about ?96.09647 %? with the greatest FWHM (full width at a half maximum) ?about 0.74 nm.In addition, three of the fabricated fibers (B, C and D) that contained olive oil were prepared for testing magnetic field sensor. The results show that all the fibers shifted to near infrared range. The results also showed that fiber with higher concentration of olive oil has the greatest magnetic wavelength shift about 653.4 nm, the highest fiber sensitivity about ??0.000494623656 nm/ Gauss?, the highest reflection peak about 96.91827? %, and the greatest FWHM ?about 0.98 nm.
The separation of water from crude oil emulsions is a critical and complex challenge in petroleum production and processing. Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions increase viscosity, pose corrosion risks, reduce refining efficiency, and raise significant environmental concerns. Traditional separation methods often struggle with stable emulsions containing small droplets due to limitations in cost, environmental impact, and effectiveness. Electro-coalescence demulsification has emerged as a promising technique that applies electric fields to enhance droplet coalescence, facilitating efficient water removal. This comprehensive review examines the influence of electrode geometry on electro-coalescence systems in depth, synthesizes key findings from numerous studies, and provides a detailed analysis of electrode spacing calculations, critical conditions for effective demulsification, and optimal operational parameters. By exploring these aspects comprehensively, the review offers insights into how electrode design affects demulsification efficiency, guiding future advancements in crude oil processing and contributing to more sustainable practices in the petroleum industry.
An experimental study on single bubble breakage in the stirred tank in oil as a continuous phase was carried out for a range of stirring speeds (220 to 430 rpm). The results are compared with bubble breakage in water that was conducted by Hasan et al. (2021) to investigate the effect of physical properties of continuous phase on the breakage rate. The breakage events in the impeller were captured and analyzed using a high speed camera. It was found that the breakage rate represented by breakage probability and a number of produced daughter bubbles (fragments) are directly proportional with the stirring speed. The breakage probability and number of produced daughter bubbles in oil was noticeably lower than that in water indicating the role the continuous phase viscosity plays in reducing the breakage rate.
Accurately identifying the kind and amount of dissolved metal salts in wastewater used in oil refining processes is an iconic feature of ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy. This method relies on the dissolved metal salts' ability to absorb light at certain wavelengths after reacting with it. The experiments were conducted in a lab setting with a broadband source (200-800 nm) to measure the absorbance of dissolved element salts and precisely identify the lowest concentration up to 2 ppm. A mixture of the mineral salts from oil refining operations was prepared and diluted to different concentrations using a standard solution. This allowed us to study and compare this result with the absorbance behavior of the wastewater from the Al-Dora Refinery. The two results reinforced that we can accurately estimate the detection parameters for the lowest water contamination. These materials are lead nitrate (PbNO3), phenol, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), sodium chloride (NaCl2), sulfide (SO4), and nitrate (NO3). At wavelengths of 340, 404, and 741 nm, the concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100) ppm were found, and for the concentration of 10ppm, the absorbance (0.15323, 0.15326, and 0.14685) was found, respectively. The process that has been tested with varying concentrations is considered and simulates the variation in river water concentrations caused by the river's water level and flow rate changes by the effect of rain abundance and thawing. It is fast, accurate data analysis, and a lower cost compared with the other chemical analysis and conventional methods.
In the last two decades, underwater acoustic sensor networks have begun to be used for commercial and non-commercial purposes. In this paper, the focus will be on improving the monitoring performance system of oil pipelines. Linear wireless sensor networks are a model of underwater applications for which many solutions have been developed through several research studies in previous years for data collection research. In underwater environments, there are certain inherent limitations, like large propagation delays, high error rate, limited bandwidth capacity, and communication with short-range. Many deployment algorithms and routing algorithms have been used in this field. In this work a new hierarchical network model proposed with improvement to Smart Redirect or Jump algorithm (SRJ). This improved algorithm is used in an underwater linear wireless sensor network for data transfer to reduce the complexity in routing algorithm for relay nodes which boost delay in communication. This work is implemented using OMNeT++ and MATLAB based on their integration. The results obtained based on throughput, energy consumption, and end to the end delay.
The growing use of “distributed energy resources (DER)” will result in a significant increase in the total number of gadgets or devices that users and third parties own and control. These gadgets rely largely on digital communication and control, placing them in danger due to cyber threats. This study presents a comprehensive framework that is resistant to attacks for defending integrated DER and major power grid infrastructure from hostile cyber-attacks, ensuring the safe integration of DER without jeopardizing system dependability and stability. This research focuses on the development of a cyber-physical power system that incorporates a significant integration of DER and analyses the particular cyber security problems brought about by DER integration. Following that, we provide a systematic DER resilience analysis approach, in addition to effective and measurable resilience measurements and concepts concerning design, and we summarize important DER assault scenarios. In conclusion, we suggest preventive, detective, and responsive measures against cyber-attacks, specifically tailored for integrating Distributed Energy Resources (DER) throughout the physical, cyber device, and regulatory levels of an eventual smart grid.
This research is devoted to design and implement a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system (SCADA) for monitoring and controlling the corrosion of a carbon steel pipe buried in soil. A smart technique equipped with a microcontroller, a collection of sensors and a communication system was applied to monitor and control the operation of an ICCP process for a carbon steel pipe. The integration of the built hardware, LabVIEW graphical programming and PC interface produces an effective SCADA system for two types of control namely: a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) that supports a closed loop, and a traditional open loop control. Through this work, under environmental temperature of 30°C, an evaluation and comparison were done for two types of controls tested at low soil moisture (48%) and high soil moisture (80 %) to study the value of current, anode voltage, pipe to soil potential (PSP) and consumed power. The results show an decrease of 59.1% in consumed power when the moisture changes from the low to high level. It was reached that the closed loop controller PID is the best solution in terms of efficiency, reliability, fast response and power consumption.
This study presents a numerical analysis for point contact Elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication EHL. The oils used are (0W-30 and 10W-40) as lubricants. The pressure and film-thickness profiles for point contact EHL are evaluated. The aims of this study are to estimate the effect of oil’s temperature on friction force, coefficient of friction and load carrying capacity. By using FORTRAN program, the Forward-iterative method is used, to solve two dimensional (2D) EHL problem. The viscosity is updating in the solution by using Roeland’s model. After the convergence of pressure is done, the friction force, friction power losses, and friction coefficient are calculated. The temperature used ranges from (-20 to 120 oC). The results showed the film-thickness decreases with the increasing of temperature. Though the maximum pressure is not affected, only the pressure distribution and profile are changed, inlet pressure decreases and the pressure profile tends towards a hertzian (dry contact) one. The friction force and the coefficient of friction decrease with the increasing of temperature.
The oil industry has a direct impact on the economic feasibility of other sectors and is considered to be the most important energy source used to turn the wheels of other industries. Therefore, it was necessary to pay attention and continuously develop this industry, to find the best modern techniques for designing, pre-commissioning and controlling process, to improve efficiency, preserve energy and achieve the highest production of costly components with the highest purity of the product. This study aims to provide a literary analysis of the stages of development and progress of the dynamics and control of the petroleum industry, in particular the distillation column, because it is multivariable with high interaction between control cycles, nonlinear behaviour and large gains. Control processes have undergone many developments and modernizations to achieve the best results. Various control methods have been used, ranging from simple proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID) to advanced control strategies such as model predictive control (MPC), multivariate model predictive control (MMPC), fuzzy logic control (FLC), quadratic dynamic matrix control (QDMC), artificial neural network control (ANN) and other advanced control techniques. The authors concluded from the review that the advanced control strategies superior than the conventional methods.
In the present work the effect of heat treatment processes at different temperatures and in different quenching media on mechanical properties in addition to corrosion behavior in different pH solutions of aluminum alloy 6061 was achieved.The alloy was received as fabricated and the solution heat treatment processes was achieved at temperatures (490,530,570 °C), then quenching for every degree was done in two media (water, oil) to obtain on six samples. The artificial aging was done on every sample at temperature (160°C) for one hour.The microstructure was examined to show Mg2Si in every sample.The results of hardness test showed that the hardness of alloy increased with increasing heat treatment temperatures, and at the same temperature the quenched specimens in oil had higher hardness.On the other hand, the tension tests showed that the strength of alloy increased with increasing of heat treatment temperature, and at the same temperature the quenched specimens in water had higher hardness.The results of corrosions test showed that the heat treatment operations improved corrosion resistance, and the lower value was get upon treating at 530°C.
In the present work the effect of Corrosion & Scale Inhibitor was evaluated by using of the commercial product (Kurita S2050) that mainly containing of (Na2HPO4) sodium phosphate as corrosion inhibitor and (C6H11NaO7) sodium glocunate as scale inhibitor & dispersant. The dosing rate of this chemical was controlled according to the treatment system depend mainly on the monitoring of LI & RI indexes for (30) days treatment in the cooling tower unit of Al-Dora Oil refinery-Baghdad. The corrosion rate and the corrosion inhibitors efficiency were calculated by measurement of weight loss in standard test coupon (AISI 1010). After 30 day of the Field Test, the result show that the treatment program performance was effective in the corrosion & scale inhibition through an acceptable corrosion rate less than 0.018 in gmd. Also the result of corrosion rate was analyzed statistically by using of (ANN) to formulate a prediction equation to corrosion rate identification.
The corrosion behavior of martensite phase in Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloy with aging at 150 at time 2,4and 6 hour and quenching ice water with salt, water at room temperature and oil media study by open circuit potential, tafal polarization and cyclic polarization. The microstructure of martensite study by optical microscope and x-ray diffraction(XRD) and transformation temperature was determined by Di?erential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC).the result show aging martensite at 150 at 2 and 4 hour have high open circuit potential, low corrosion current density , high corrosion potential and pitting potential than martensite without aging.
This paper proposes the design and simulation of Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control using MATLAB/Simulink to control the position of the bucket of the backhoe excavator robot during digging operations. In order to reach accurate position responses with minimum overshoot and minimum steady state error, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is used to tune the gains of the position and force parts for the force-position controllers to obtain the best position responses. The joints are actuated by the electro-hydraulic actuators. The force-position control incorporating two-Mamdani type-Proportional-Derivative-Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controllers for position control and 3-Proportional-Derivative Controllers for force control. The nonlinearity and uncertainty in the model that inherit in the electro hydraulic actuator system are also studied. The nonlinearity includes oil leakage and frictions in the joints. The friction model is represented as a Modified LuGre friction model in actuators. The excavator robot joints are subjected to Coulomb, viscous and stribeck friction. The uncertainty is represented by the variation of bulk modulus. It can be shown from the results that the ACO obtain the best gains of the controllers which enhances the position responses within the range of (19, 23 %) compared with the controllers tuned manually.
The emission sources have great effects on our environment. Further using of fossil fuels because of our needs for heating purposes and developments leads to raising the emission concentration in the air which caused to health risks to human society and its environment. This paper deals with using a different percentage of Iraqi liquefied petroleum gas from 10% to 25% with different percentage of Iraqi Gas-oil fuel from 90% to 75%, keeping the thermal load constant in order to indicate the possibility of reducing the pollutant emissions . A dual fuel burner and equivalence ratio range from 0.8 to 1.4 is used to study the emission concentrations based on these equivalence ratio. For further reducing in emission and heat recovery from the exhaust gases the cooling effect also investigated for water mass flow-rate from 12 kg/s to 48 kg/s roughly. The results showed that for further increasing equivalence ratio the UHC, CO, and Soot increased by about 3% and NOx, and CO2 decreased by 2.5% and this due to decreasing the oxygen ratio in the mixture and incomplete combustion occurred. Also for increasing percentage participating of LPG fuel as a secondary fuel, UHC, CO, and Soot decreased by 8%and NOx and CO2 increased slightly. With heat recovery process the concentration of UHC, CO, and Soot increased slightly while NOx, CO2 decreased by 1.5% because of decreasing of combustion chamber temperature.
Biodiesel produced from vegetable oils is a good alternative clean diesel. The present study was conducted because there are some variations or contradictions in literature on the use of CaO heterogeneous catalyst. In this study, biodiesel was produced from sunflower vegetable oil and methanol in presence of commercial calcium oxide catalyst in batch mechanical stirrer reactor. The effect of three operating conditions, methanol mole ratio (4-12), reaction time (0.5-2.5 h) and catalyst amount (2-10 %), on the yield of biodiesel was studied at constant reaction temperature of 60 oC. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used with central composite design (CCD) of experiments. Polynomial correlation was found for the dependent variable of the process (yield of biodiesel), satisfactorily predicted at 95% confidence level. The optimum yield biodiesel was about 98% and at operating condition of methanol ratio 10, reaction time 2 h and catalyst amount 8 %. The reaction time was found to be the most effective operating condition. Kinetics study of the process showed that first order reaction with triglyceride concentration and zero order with methanol concentration gave best fit with the experimental data, triglyceride with a reaction rate constant k= 1.53 h-1.
This study aims to review flow-induced vibration one of the repercussions of vibrations is caused by fluid movement. In general, the investigation of the structure of the systems affects the efficiency of the components that construct those systems. This review examined the influence of generated vibrations and internal pressure on fluid transport pipes using theoretical calculations, practical tests, and numerical analysis to identify and test the dynamic behavior of static fluid transport pipes. The experimental study considered the natural frequencies caused by the fluid pressure effect under various stability situations. The flow of all liquids, such as oil, water, gas, air, and vapors, through the pipes, was tested, and the mathematical models were correctly adjusted. All empirical, theoretical, numerical, and analytical research agrees that several approaches exist to develop, modify, and improve these metrics. However, one factor affecting rheological measurements is vibration, which was addressed as needed in the middle of the 20th century due to major discoveries that damage could be rooted in vibration. Established on the determinations, they provided mathematical models paired with pressure and velocity measurements of moving fluids and the influence of produced or uninduced vibration. This study demonstrates that additional empirical investigations, particularly more detailed analytical methodologies, are urgently required to produce better findings.
Pressure vessels are the heart of plants and oil refineries stations. In many engineering applications such vessels can be subjected to periodic loading either internally due to the charging and discharging process or externally due to the excitation from other nearby components such as pumps, compressors or from seismic. So that in spite of a good design according static assumption it may be critical in dynamics. In this work a horizontal pressure vessel with accessories subjected to liquefied petroleum gas pressure LPG is considered. Three models of different head types are investigated herein namely; Deep torispherical, Elliptical 2:1 and Hemispherical. The design and material selections are chosen as per ASME. For practical service many accessories are attached to the vessel such as manhole, supports, inlet and outlet opining. Finite Element method via ANSYS R18.2 is introduced for the numerical analysis. The fatigue life in case of fully reversed cyclic loading are estimated and located. Vibration characteristics such as mode shapes and natural frequencies for the lowest five modes are evaluated and compared. It is found that the fatigue life can be increased as higher as 180% for hemi- spherical head as compared with deep torispherical head pressure vessel and the lowest four natural frequencies are nearly identical for all models, however significant change observed in the fifth natural frequency.