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Go to Editorial ManagerThis paper displays the improvement of Graphical User Interface programming for sizing principle segment in Stand-Alone PV system and PV- Diesel hybrid power system based on Iraq conditions. The solar system software is a tool depends on the input data by the user to give correct results on the basis of what has been introduced. Therefore, this software tool Includes products (PV modules, charge controller, inverter, battery and diesel generator) which can be obtained from the market with their detail. This software presents a guideline for photovoltaic system integrator to match the load requirement to design the effective size of components and system configuration, in hybrid PV–Diesel system. The ratio of photovoltaic solar energy to diesel generators is introduced by considering the contribution of hybrid system energy.
The research proposed a developed methodology for evaluation the system performance in uncertainty associated with traditional modelling methodology is focused on either load L or resistance R variability, but not both. A two-dimensional (2D) fuzzy set (traditional model), represent with the one dimension for universe of discourse (in x-direction) and the second dimension of his membership degree (in y-direction), is not full sufficient to handle both, load and resistance variation of system performance. The theoretical principle basis of this research is based on development of the three dimensional (3D) of fuzzy set that includes system performance variability in load and resistance from two dimensional. The proposed methodology (traditional model) extends the acceptance level of partial performance of system concept to a 3D-dimantion representation. This representation allows to capturing the changing of preferences of decision makers in load and resistance. The major objective of the research is to proposed the original methodology for evaluate system performance and management that is capable of; (a) addressing uncertainty caused by load and resistance variability and ambiguity; (b) integrating objective and subjective evaluation; and (c) assisting system performance management decision making based on a more detailed certainty evaluation of load and resistance variability. The study proposed two models for fuzzy reliability performance indexes: first traditional model included (I) 2D fuzzy reliability-vulnerability Rv index, (II) 2D fuzzy robustness Ro index; the second developed model (i) 3D fuzzy reliability-vulnerability Rv index, (ii) 3D fuzzy robustness Ro index; and comparing between them. These indexes have the capability of evaluating the operational performance of complex systems. Proposed methodology is illustrated by using the Al-Wathba Water Supply System (WWSS) as a case study.
In this work, the vibrations in the rotor-bearing system are studied experimentally and theoretically using ANSYS Workbench 2020 R1 software to compute the natural frequencies and mode shapes. In the experimental part, the LABVIEW software was used to examine the signal of the frequency domain values obtained from the accelerometer sensors, based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technology and dynamic response spectrum. in the theoretical part, the natural frequencies are determined based on the finite element method for analyzing the system and knowing its behavior and vibration response level. The results showed that the level of vibration becomes higher at high rotational speeds, and it becomes large when the distances between the bearings are large, according to the bearing position and type used in the system. in this work can be concluded, the system is usually affected by the dynamic response around it and is difficult to separate from it, and the vibrations in the system can be controlled by adding an external damping source, which gives the system more stable. A system operating at high speeds can give a large vibration and an unbalanced response.
The main purpose of this paper is to design a robust second order sliding mode controller that can deal with uncertain nonlinear systems. This controller can keep the main advantages of the first order sliding mode controller, such as the ability to make the system asymptotically stable by forcing the error and its derivatives to have a zero value, the simplicity in the operation, and the robustness in the existence of perturbations. In spite of the features that characterize the first order sliding mode controller (1 SMC), it still suffers from the unwanted phenomenon “chattering”, which originates from a discontinuous control part (sign function). In this context, saturation function can be used instead of sign function to reduce this problematic chattering. Different from the saturation function method, the second order sliding mode controller can be used to overcome the chattering; suffered by the first order sliding mode controller and to retain the stability and performance of the system. In this paper, the twisting and the super twisting second-order algorithms of the sliding mode controller were used, and their results were compared with the first order sliding mode controller. So, this subject focused on the chattering problem who suffers from it the 1 SMC and try to reduce it by using the 2 SMC, the uncertain pendulum system was adopted in this work for the purpose of checking the three controllers. The simulations results showed that the second order sliding mode controller has the ability to reduce both the chattering magnitude and the steady state error and achieve an asymptotically stable system. The results were obtained by using MATLAB programming.
A new robust control algorithm is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems represented by a Single Link Manipulator (SLM) system. This algorithm is based on new techniques and methods in order to obtain a controller for the SLM system. First of all, the system is simplified using Variable Transformation Technique (VTT) in order to fit the analysis procedure. Then, a new idea of designing a model reference for the multiple states (n=4) system is presented to correspond the control design. Next, the Lyapunov Stability Analysis (LSA) is used to figure out a proper controller that can compensate the stability and the performance of the SLM system. After that, the Most Valuable Player Algorithm (MVPA) is applied to find the optimal parameters of the proposed controller to accomplish the optimum performance improvement. Finally, it can be concluded that the proposed control algorithm has improved the stability and the performance of the SLM system. In addition, the simulation results show the remarkable effects of the proposed nonlinear controller on the SLM system.
The indemnification of uncertainty and disturbance which is added to non-linear systems by an Integral Sliding Mode Controller (ISMC) design. the key target of this paper is designing a sturdy controller to observe the performance of a 2-link robot. The nonlinearity in mechanical systems is a shared issue that the researchers are facing in formulating control systems for it. The best solution to this problem is a design Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) for controlling a nonlinear system. In the current paper, 2-link robot is studied which suffering from disturbances and parameter uncertainty and coulomb friction as additional to friction inertia of the system for each link. firstly, Classical Sliding Mode Controller (CSMC) is designed and then Integral Sliding Mode Controller (ISMC). As known, CSMC includes two phases: reaching phase and sliding phase. SMC is suffering from the known phenomenon as "chattering" which is supposed as a critical case and unsuitable characteristic. chattering is described as a curvy movement span the switching surface. In the current study, the chattering is attenuated by employing a saturation function alternative of a sign function. Although SMC can be considered as a good way of controlling nonlinear systems. Where it continues to suffer from the long settling time as undesired features. ISMC is a good method can be employed for reducing the settling time and controlling a nonlinear system. ISMC is easy, robust execution and supposes as an active and strong technique. The most significant advantage in ISMC designing, the reaching phase is canceled that considered a major part of designing classical SMC. The 2 link Robot system was used for proving the performance of CSMC and ISMC algorithms. The outcomes received from the simulations utilizing the ISMC and CSMC which fulfilled asymptotic stability for the system. In comparative between CSMC and ISMC. ISMC is better than CSMC in the good performance of tracking the desired position with less time. Finally, MATLAB2019a software package has relied upon this work.
In this paper, the H-infinity Sliding Mode Control (HSMC) is designed to produce a new dynamic output feedback controller for trajectory tracking of the nonlinear human swing leg system. The human swing leg system represents the support of human leg or the humanoid robot leg which is usually modeled as a double pendulum. The thigh and shank of a human leg is represented by two pendulum links and the hip joint will connect the upper body to the thigh and the knee joint will connect the thigh to the shank. The external torques (servo motors) are applied at the hip and knee joints to move the muscles of thigh and shank. The results show that the HSMC can robustly stabilize the system and achieve a desirable time response specification better than if only H-infinity or SMC is used. This controller achieves the following specifications: sec, for hip joint and sec, for knee joint.
Recently, there is increasing interest in using the 18 THz bandwidth offered by S+C+L band to increase the transmission capacity of fiber communication systems. This leads to the generation of ultra-wideband (UWB) wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) optical communication systems. In these advanced systems, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) causes a power transfer from high-frequency channels to low-frequency channels. This effect leads to an increase in the nonlinear interference (NLI) between the UWB-WDM channels. Power optimization techniques are required to balance transfer power between band channels, thus increasing the maximum transmission reach (MTR) along with increasing system capacity. In this paper, the transmission performance of S+C+L band system operating with dual-polarization 16-QAM signaling is investigated using enhanced Gaussian noise model. The transmitter and receiver for each DP channel use a -polarized laser and incorporate two identical configurations, one for x- and the other for y-state of polarization (SOP). The results are presented for two values of symbol rate, 40 and 80 GBaud, where the system carries 360 (=160+80+120) and 180 (=80+40+60) channels, respectively. The results revel that the MTR of both cases is equal to 12 100 km-spans when the channel lunch power equals to -4 and -2 dBm, respectively. This work also shows the effect of NLI components as a function of the number of spans, channel spacing, and channel launch power. The results show that the cross-phase modulation component of the NLI has high accumulated value with transmission distance, while the self-phase modulation component is almost constant.
In this work, the design procedure of a hybrid robust controller for crane system is presented. The proposed hybrid controller combines the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) properties with the sliding mode control (SMC) to obtain an optimal and robust LQR/SMC controller. The crane system which is represented by pendulum and cart is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller. The crane system is considered one of the highly nonlinear and uncertain systems in addition to the under-actuating properties. The parameters of the proposed LQR/SMC are selected using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. The results show that the proposed LQR/SMC controller can achieve a better performance if only SMC controller is used. The robustness of the proposed controller is examined by considering a variation in system parameters with applying an external disturbance input. Finally, the superiority of the proposed LQR/SMC controller over the SMC controller is shown in this work.
This paper discusses the development of a seven-band coherent wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system covering the T to U systems, aiming to enhance the capacity and system efficiency. Seven multiband systems (C+L, S+C+L, S+C+L+U, E+S+C+L, E+S+C+L+U, O+E+S+C+L+U, and T+O+E+S+C+L+U) are designed with 40 GBaud symbol rate, 50 GHz channel spacing, and dual-polarization (DP)-16QAM signaling. The analysis adopted the enhanced Gaussian noise model, considering the amplified spontaneous emission of inline optical amplifiers and nonlinear interference (NLI) from fiber nonlinear optics, including Kerr effect and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) which it implemented using Matlab (Ver. 2020b) program. The results show that the optimal powers are -4, -5, -5, -4.5, -3.5, -6, and -4.5 dBm for the seven WDM systems, respectively. Further, with a fiber span length of 100 km, the C+L system has the longest transmission reach of 20 span. However, using S+C+L+U system gives the highest bit rate-distance product of 1619 Tbps.km. The O+E+S+C+L+U and T+O+E+S+C+L+U systems are designed with 50 km-span length to reduce the effect of NLI caused by the large numbers of channels (1060 and 1200, respectively).
It is essential to review and develop a system of water control structures and canals that can be used to manage high-flow discharges and the flood control plan requirement to modify the system's capacity. Al-Ramadi Project System is considered one of the main flood control projects on the Euphrates River within Anbar Governorate, Western Iraq. This study will focus on Al-Majjarah Canal and Regulator, which is part of Al-Ramadi Project and has the function of a link canal between Al-Habbaniyah and Al-Razazza lakes, and describe the capacity of the canal under typical operating conditions and during floods. The study used HEC-RAS 6.1 software to run a numerical model to simulate this canal. According to previous research studies near the research region on the Euphrates River, for the main canal, the roughness coefficient was taken at 0.026, and for the flood plain, it was taken at 0.03. The same parameter value was applied to Al-Majjarah Canal. Due to the study region's similar geology and nature. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was made of the roughness coefficient and its influence on the water surface elevation for the canal. The model result indicated in the current situation of Al-Majjarah Canal can pass a flow rate of 1300 m3/s when Al-Razazza Lake is at an average water level that has been approved by the Ministry of Water Resources at 32.02 m.a.m.s.l.. If the water level in Al-Razazza Lake is in the semi-filled position of 40 m.a.m.s.l., it causes floods for the canal because the water level rises above the banks of the canal at the last kilometer from the canal, even when passing a few discharges through the canal. Accordingly, it is not possible to safely pass the flow rate for a flood wave with a 500-year return period predicted by the "Study of Strategy for Water and Land Resources in Iraq (2014)", which is 2000 m3/s for this canal, without making modifications to the expansion of Al-Majjarah Regulator by adding additional gates, expanding the entrance and exit of the Regulator, reshaping and expanding some cross-sections, and raising some of the banks for the canal. The above-mentioned modification were applied for the purpose of passing the expected discharge from the canal, while maintaining a freeboard of 1 m between the water surface and the canal banks.
The security level and robustness of memristive image encryption techniques depend on the order and dynamics complexity of the memristive system. The grid multi-double-scroll (GMDS) chaotic system (CS) offers extremely rich dynamics but the implementation of high-order chaos needs large computation time. To overcome this limitation, researchers have proposed the use of muti-lower-order CSs to assist the encryption process individually. This scenario may reduce the security level since the non-friendly user may attack each involved CS independently. This paper proposes an effective six-dimensional (6D) memristive chaotic system constructed by combining 5D, 5D, and 7D GMDS chaotic systems. Each of the six chaotic sequences is generated from three sequences corresponding to two or three of the basic CSs. The combined CS shares the same total key parameters (initial values and design parameters associated with the three basic CSs) and this leads to a key space of 22392, the highest among the reported image encryption techniques. The combined CS is used to assist the operation of a proposed color image encryption scheme consisting of four sequential stages that perform compressive sensing, scrambling, DNA encoding, and diffusion, respectively. Simulation results validate the feasibility and robust security of the proposed encryption scheme.
Pick and place system is one of the significant employments of modern robots utilized in industrial environments. The objective of this research is to make a comparison of time sequences by combining multiple axes of sequences. A pick-place system implemented with pneumatic linear double-acting cylinders to applicator in automated systems processes for manufacturing. The challenge of 3-axes movement control was achieved using the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) controller such that the merging between two or three axes was achieved according to the selected sequence of the program. The outcomes show the contrasted sequences and the reference in a constant velocity. The main variable parameter is the number of steps for each sequence. The combination of two axes has developed the sequence and reduced in number of sequences for a path. At last, one of the important factors in moving products industry is the smooth product’s movement, because any high speed might cause a vibration in the system and lead to a decreased positioning accuracy.
Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Massive Multiple Input Multiple Out (MIMO) system is a key technology for future wireless transmission. The system's architecture can differ based on the type of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) used at the receiver, whether they are all low-resolution or a mix of different resolutions (Mixed-ADCs). Mixed-ADCs is a promising solution to achieve better performance than low-resolution ADC-only architectures by leveraging high-resolution ADCs to capture critical signal components while maintaining energy efficiency through low-resolution ADCs. In this paper, the problem of channel estimation for this system architecture is taken into consideration. A novel compressive-sensing based algorithm, that is called Approximate Conjugate Gradient Pursuit (ACGP), is proposed to estimate the channel coefficients. The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated under varying system parameters, including different Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR), Radio Frequency (RF) chains, ADC resolutions, and numbers of observation frames. Matlab software was used to perform numerical simulations. The results demonstrated that mixed-ADCs architecture outperforms low resolutions only in performance. It was found that ACGP achieves lower Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) compared to Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) and Least Square (LS), particularly in low SNR conditions showcasing its robustness and efficiency in signal reconstruction, achieving an average enhancement of 30% to 50% at moderate SNR levels. While OMP exhibited faster computation times under various number of observation frames, ACGP maintained stable computational performance, with a slight increase in computation time. For applications where accurate channel estimation is required under noisy environment, the proposed algorithm is an effective choice to meet such requirements.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of real objects comprises capturing the appearance and the shape for these objects and determining the three-dimensional coordinates for their profiles. This reconstruction process can be accomplished either by using active or passive techniques. In this paper, a new fusion method is proposed for 3D reconstruction. This method exploits the advantages of both stereo-based passive and laser-based active techniques and overcomes their limitations to improve the performance of 3D reconstruction. With this method, a hybrid laser-based structured light scanning system is designed and implemented. This system captures the required information using passive and active techniques and uses the proposed fusion method for 3D reconstruction. The performance of the proposed method and its scanning system were experimentally evaluated. The evaluation results show high reconstruction performance for the proposed fusion method over the traditional 3D reconstruction techniques. The results also show the effectiveness of the hybrid laser scanning system and its ability to scan and reconstruct the shape and the appearance for real objects using the proposed fusion method.
The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a most complex power electronic device, which can simultaneously control a local bus voltage and optimize power flows in the electrical power transmission system. This paper presents the effect of installing the UPFC on the Iraqi (400 kV) grid transmission system to control the active and reactive power flow by choosing the optimal location and parameters of Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFCs), which were specified based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization method. The objectives are improving voltage profile, reducing power losses, treating power flow in overloaded transmission lines, and reducing power generation. The steady state model of UPFC has been adopted on (400 kV) Iraq transmission lines and simulated using the MATLAB programming language. The Newton-Raphson (NR) numerical analysis method has been used for solving the load flow of the system. The practical part has been solved through Power System Simulation for Engineers (PSS\E) software Version 32.0. The Comparative results between the experimental and practical parts obtained from adopting the UPFC were too close and almost the same under different loading conditions, which are (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) of the total load.
Kidney renal failure is a life-threatening disease in which one or both kidneys are not functioning normally. The only available treatment other than a kidney transplant is to start on dialysis sessions, whether it is peritoneal or Hemo-dialysis[1].For some patients, the dialysis procedure is an exhausting and sometimes expensive trip to the specialized dialysis centers since it must be done about three times a week, depending on the physician's decision depending on the glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys[2-4].Different researchers have made many attempts over the years to replace conventional dialysis machines with more accessible at-home dialysis systems to provide patients with comfortable treatment sessions at the time they want without the need to change their lifestyle to fit the dialysis center's schedule.A review of the critical methods utilized in the creation and application of a portable dialysis machine that resembles the traditional dialysis center devices was conducted using a number of prior studies (research conducted between 2009 and 2024); the goal of all studies was to create a device that consists of filtering system, detection system to ensure there is no blood leakage and all parameters are within the acceptable limits, alarm system, and dialysate regeneration system, and each method will be described precisely in this review.As a result, the discussed studies found that using peristaltic pump pumps with a phase difference by half cycle between blood and dialysate will cause a higher urea clearance rate; multiple studies focused on the modification of the dialyzing filter to find that using Polyethene glycol surface-modified silicon nanopore membranes, dual-layer hollow fiber membranes, the use of BRECS cell therapy, carbon activated blocks, all contributed highly in enhancing the dialyzing process providing the patients with highly efficient blood purification session.
This paper proposes robust control for three models of the linear inverted pendulum (one mass linear inverted pendulum model, two masses linear inverted pendulum model and three masses linear inverted pendulum model) which represents the upper, middle and lower body of a bipedal walking robot. The bipedal walking robot is built of light-weight and hard Aluminum sheets with 2 mm thickness. The minimum phase system and non-minimum phase system are studied and investigated for inverted pendulum models. The bipedal walking robot is programmed by Arduino microcontroller UNO. A MATLAB Simulink system is built to embrace the theoretical work. The results showed that one linear inverted pendulum is the worst performance, worst noise rejection and the worst set point tracking to the zero moment point. But two masses linear inverted pendulum models and three masses linear inverted pendulum model have a better performance, a better high-frequency noise rejection characteristic and better set-point tracking to the zero moment point.
Spinal alignment examination procedures are frequently employed to assess spinal deformities. The spine plays a crucial role in maintaining the biomechanical functionality of the skeletal system. It protects the spinal cord and facilitates movement, among other vital functions. Various methods, including radiography and non-invasive techniques such as goniometer, inclinometer and kyphometer, have been employed to assess spine alignment qualitatively. Nevertheless, these methods are characterized by a high radiation dose and require significant time. Consequently, this study aimed to develop and create a portable, user-friendly, radiation-free computer-assisted electromechanical device to assess spinal deformities. This device is designed to evaluate sagittal spinal alignment by estimating the angle between two vertebrae for the segmental and global thoracic and lumbar regions, and the length of the spine. This study highlighted the importance of the method in evaluating spinal alignment. The MPU-6050 sensor was employed to record the angle between the two vertebrae, while the rotary encoder was utilized to measure the length of the spine. Subsequently, the data was transmitted to a computer over a Bluetooth module connection, following processing by the Arduino Nano microcontroller. The proposed system was employed on five healthy adult subjects to evaluate their standing posture in the sagittal plane, namely in the upright, flexion, and extension positions. The resulting parameters that define spinal alignment are provided. The suggested system offers the benefits of simplicity, portability, and cost-effectiveness, allowing for rapid and accurate assessment of sagittal spinal alignment. It enables quick clinical assessment and provides few health risks to the patient, leading to correct diagnosis.
In the past few years, all over the world, crime against children has been on the rise, and parents always worry about their children whenever they are outside. For this reason, tracking and monitoring children have become a considerable necessity. This paper presents an outdoor IoT tracking system which consists of a child module and a parent module. The child module monitors the child location in real time and sends the information to a database in the cloud which forwards it to the parent module (represented as a mobile application). This information is shown in the application as a location on Google maps. The mobile application is designed for this purpose in addition to a number of extra functions. A Raspberry Pi Zero Wireless is used with a GSM/GPS module on shield to provide mobile communication, internet and to determine location. Implementation results for the suggested system are provided which shows that when the child leaves a pre-set safe area, a warring message pops up on the parent’s mobile and a path from the current parent location to the child location is shown on a map.
This article is about studying the placing direction effect of a piezoelectric sensor on the shoe insole in the GRF results. Where the sensors used in this research are in two directions, along and perpendicular to the foot midline. In the both cases the sensors were fixed on the shoe insole to sense the foot pressure. For the first set of sensors which are perpendicular to the foot midline the collected data has similar trend to the GRF collected from the force plate, as the small lateral strain in the shoe insole due to the patient weight and GRF is close to the GRF data collected from other measurement system. On the other hand, the collected data from the second set of sensors which are in a longitudinal direction with the foot midline will have different trend and values from the collected data from the force plate or any other GRF measurement system. This different in the results is due to the large longitudinal strain in the shoe insole due to the patient weight which produce dissimilar results from the force plate result data.
The experimental analysis is conducted under the Iraqi climate conditions to investigate the performance enhancement of a solar updraft tower system (SUTS) using the porous copper foam as an absorber plate and conventional absorber plate with absorber inclination angle of 18°. In the present work, a semicircular collector is divided into two identical quarter thermal collectors to become two identical SUTS. One of the quarter circular thermal collectors contains on the metal foam as an absorber plate, while the other quarter collector on the conventional flat copper absorber plate. In this study the air inlet height is changed of (3, 5, and 8) cm. The experimental tests carried out in Baghdad city (latitude 33.3° N). Results showed that the air inlet height variation caused to enhance the solar updraft tower performance. The highest values was recorded when the air inlet height is 3 cm using porous absorber compared to flat absorber plate. Copper material foam as an endothermic surface causes a marked decrease in average surface temperature of the plate. The maximum hourly thermal efficiency of solar collector was increased to about 41.6 % and the maximum enhancement of the power output to about 45.2 % compared with flat absorber plate.
The non-woven materials industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world with the ability to produce materials in less time, specifications, and better prices. nonwoven materials are defined as a web of guided or random fibers that are bonded by friction, interlacement or adhesion. In this research, the rotary electrospinning system was used and a prototype was made to study the process and the complete visualization in terms of the correlation of the electrostatic forces to the formation of nanofibers by preparing polymeric solutions and exposing them to the electric field between the positive electrode (the serrated cylinder) and the Grounded electrode (plate) and produced high-precision fibers with a diameter (185nm) at 25 kV, whereas the installation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was with different concentrations and the formed fibers possessed an effective surface and deposited on a collector electrode forming nonwoven webs and high productivity is the most important feature of this system compared with the traditional electrospinning system.
In recent decades, Iraq has witnessed several military operations. This has led to huge damages to the infrastructure of some main cities. The traditional construction methods seem not to be able to fulfill the rapid reconstruction works needed, while prefabricated building systems seem to be promising. This paper aims at evaluating the possibilities of using prefabrication systems for schools building as a pilot study for wider adoption. An extensive literature review was carried out to identify the features of construction prefabrication and its requirements. Then a thorough investigation of the possibilities of adopting this approach in Iraq and the major expected obstacles was carried out. A questionnaire survey has been conducted with (96) stakeholders who have experience in prefabricated building projects. The results showed that the highest rating of benefits went to time and productivity, while the highest rating of obstacles went to lack of government support. Therefore the top proposed action included the adoption of a clear governmental strategy for change. Finally, the respondents agreed that school building is the most suitable type of projects to start with.
This research aims to develop and validate a smart PMS. The PMS will create a foundation for PMSs that will be used by organizations in the digital era. A three-step methodology was used in the current research. First, the archival literature analysis was used to identify the features and elements of the robust PMSs. Second, a generic PMS was constructed based on the results of the first step. Third, the generic PMS was amended, implemented in the workshop, and validated by discussing the results with a focus group of experts. The academic and technical contribution can be seen in proposing a generic Virtual Organizational Deoxyribonucleic Acid (V-DNA) concept and smart PMS (Performance Management Dashboard (PMD) and Decision-Making Tool (DMT)) based on the features and elements of the robust PMSs. The generic V-DNA and PMS were amended and implemented in the stated workshop. Then, the validation process was done by presenting the implementation results to a focus group of academic experts and taking their feedback. Applying the PMD and the DMT to monitor, analyze, and manage workshop performance was successful. The PMD proved a useful tool that can provide a holistic view of the workshop performance areas instead of focusing on isolated business aspects such as workshop productivity or efficiency. The decision-makers directly identified the low-performing and highly performing KPIs/processes/sub-processes and identified the root causes of low and high performance. The DMT proved a useful tool. The decision-makers could evaluate all sub-processes and rank them based on the values and weights of the decision-making criteria, highlighting the areas that need improvement. The originality and novelty of the proposed PMS and the V-DNA were proved through a systematic literature review process. The implications of the research can be seen in the possibility of testing the generic V-DNA and the PMS templates in organizations of different sizes and sectors to check their applicability. Moreover, other layers of the organizational V-DNA can be proposed. The current research assists the practitioners and managers in constructing the PMSs they need for their workshops/factories/companies.
This research focuses on enhancing the diagnostic power of the slit lamp, a fundamental ophthalmic instrument, by replacing its traditional halogen light source with a cutting-edge white laser. The objective of this modification is to significantly improve the brightness, intensity, and color accuracy, which are crucial for distinguishing fine ocular details during eye examinations. White laser technology offers a more stable, energy-efficient light source with reduced maintenance needs, making it a valuable upgrade over conventional systems. As part of this redesign, the optical system will be optimized with new filters, lenses, and heat management techniques to accommodate the white laser. Additionally, integrating a high-resolution digital camera with the enhanced illumination system is expected to provide sharper, more accurate imaging for better diagnosis. The anticipated outcome is a transformative improvement in ocular diagnostics, leading to earlier and more precise detection of eye conditions. This advancement holds promise for both patients, through better care, and ophthalmologists, through increased diagnostic efficiency. Challenges in implementation and potential solutions are also considered.
Kidney disease is a global health concern, often leading to kidney failure and impaired function. Artificial intelligence and deep learning have been extensively researched, with numerous proposed models and methods to improve kidney disease diagnosis. This work aims to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the diagnostic system for kidney disease by using Deep Learning, thereby contributing to effective healthcare delivery. This work proposed three models: CNN, CNN-XGBoost and CNN-RF to extract features and classify kidney Ultrasound images into four categories: three abnormal cases (stones, hydronephrosis, and cysts) and one normal case. The models were tested on a real dataset of 1260 kidney ultrasound images (from 1000 patients) collected from the Lithotripsy Centre in Iraq. CNN models are often viewed as black boxes due to the challenge of understanding their learned behaviors, Visualizing Intermediate Activations (VIA) was used to address this issue. The proposed framework was assessed based on precision, recall, F1-score, and accuracy. CNN-RF is the most accurate model, with an accuracy of 99.6%. This study can potentially assist radiologists in high-volume medical facilities and enhance the accuracy of the diagnostic system for kidney disease.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) ventilation remains a mainstay treatment for different respiratory disorders. Good pressure stability and pressure reduction during exhalation are of major importance condition to ensure the clinical efficacy and comfort of CPAP therapy. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and today coronavirus (COVID-19) are the main two diseases mitigated by the CPAP. This paper introduced a systematic review of the CPAP design in terms of the hardware design, Simulation-based CPAP system, control algorithm, and the measured performance. The accuracy is used as measurement of performance and calculated from the pressure value. The accuracy was compared to the predefined U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-based threshold value in which it considers this value as a reference. The results related to the modern CPAP devices introduced in this study to explain the accuracy of experimental CPAP. These were compared with a commercial CPAP devices. Also, it was revealed how the results coincide with the error ratio defined by the FDA as an evaluation measurement. The FDA error ratio determines the performance of the optimized CPAP device. This work is the first review that presented the knowledge about engineering design of the CPAP system, so it will be the first in the literature.
This study compares two different sockets, traditional and smart. It includes designs, manufacturing, and testing to evaluate the influence of the socket designs on gait symmetry. The proposed materials are locally available in the prosthetics center where traditional sockets are manufactured. and smart socket designs with the same materials as traditional additions. A simple electronic system programmed to control the movement of the stump by pneumatic pads and prevent slipping during movement is considered an advanced suspension system. A gait cycle test was carried out to evaluate the sockets. it was performed on a patient with AK amputation in two cases: the first when the patient was wearing the traditional and the second when wearing the smart. Where the difference in (gait cycle time, step velocity, heel contact, and mid-stance) between the left and right leg is equal to (0.54, 4.3, 0.19, and 0.34) respectively, when the patient uses the traditional, while these values reduce to (0.09, 0.7, 0.07, and 0.27) respectively when the patient used the smart, it improves comfort by modifying pressure distribution, relieving pressure points, and enhancing functionality through gait analysis. They adjust to the volume of the residual limb, ensuring an effective fit. Real-time monitoring and remote modifications decrease the need for in-person meetings and enhance user confidence. The smart socket, designed to fit user requirements, provides enhanced comfort, functionality, and independence. The studies will explore its long-term benefits and broader applications, focusing on its originality, practical implications, and outcome measurement.
The partial shading conditions have a significant effect on the performance of Photovoltaic system and the ability of delivering energy. In this study, the impact of different partial shading on the mono crystalline (88W) PV module performance was investigated in this study. Horizontal string, vertical string, and single cell shading at different percentage of shading area have been studied. It is found that the horizontal string shading is more severe on the efficiency of the PV panel. In contrast, the efficiency of PV panel with cellular and vertical cell shading was less during the tests. The experimental results showed that the power losses were 99.8%, 66% and 56.8 % for horizontal, cellular and vertical shading respectively via applied non transparent material as shading element by 100% of shading area at 500 W/m2. Moreover, transparent material used to shade whole module horizontally, different shading area and different radiation level applied to find electrical characteristics of the module under these conditions. The results show that at 800W/m2 of irradiation levels and no shading condition the power was 68.6W, by increase shading area by 20% in each step, the power reducing by 44.94, 47.58, 49.42, 50.57 and 52.4% in compared with their initial value at no shading condition.
Face recognition and identification have recently become the most widely employed biometric authentication technologies, especially for access to persons and other security purposes. It represents one of the most significant pattern recognition technologies that uses characteristics included in facial images or videos to detect the identity of individuals. However, most of the traditional facial algorithms have faced limitations in identification and verification accuracy. As a result, this paper presents a sophisticated system for face identification adopting a novel algorithm of deep learning, namely, You Only Look Once version 8 (YOLOv8). This system can detect the face identity of different individuals with different positions with high accuracy. The YOLOv8 model has been trained for several target face images classified as training and validation images of 1190 and 255, respectively. The experimental results show a significant improvement in face identification accuracy of 99% of mean average precision, which outperforms many state-of-the-art face identification techniques.
The transportation cost problem of solid waste presents the biggest part of the budget allocated by municipalities for SWM. So, there is no comprehensive plan to address transport routes optimization problems in SWM that including the transfer of solid waste from transfer stations to final landfill sites. Therefore, the aim of the study finding a scientific method to solve the transportation problem of solid waste transport suitable Baghdad city that tries to find feasible solutions that ensure reducing total transport costs and leads to an effective solid waste management system. In this research, a new methodology has been developed to select the optimal transport routs of SWM in Baghdad city which involves determining the best-supposed scenario. the proposed methodology includes integration of Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies with Network Analysis model (NA). Therefore, this work provides an advanced framework of decision-makers for analysis and simulation of the optimal transport routs problem related to SWM. Applying these modeling tools to select the scenario that can provide economic benefits by minimizing travel time, travel distance and reduction of total transportation costs. The Results of work implementation show that all solutions that include current state S1 and suggested scenarios have been evaluated. The scenarios generated include (S2, S3) by applying the proposed technique for analyzed and identified the optimal routes. The solutions of scenario S2, specified with two landfill sites while scenarios S3 specified with four landfill sites. Finally, this work shows the Scenario S3 is the best scenario of the solution, that include applied GPS and Network Analysis for four landfill sites.
This work has studied the size of the mean time between failures (MTBF) because it has a vital role in assessing reliability in manufacturing systems. Previous studies have indicated that the reliability value depends on the size of MTBF, so they indicated only 11 types of time that reliability value depends on, and they used methods of DFR and RCM to enhance the reliability level. To assess and increase reliability value, this work referred to the four main times: mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time to diagnosis (MTTD), mean time to repair (MTTR), and mean time to failure (MTTF) in more detail. Also, it designed a new arrangement of failure notification time, failure diagnosis time, downtime, failure repair, testing time, and recovery periods for ongoing operations in manufacturing systems through a new redistribution of 19 times and time intervals in detail between the four main times, so it revealed and added 8 types of other times and time intervals more than previous studies because they have vital roles in increasing reliability value. Thus, the new arrangement contains two parallel pathways and 19 types of times and time intervals. The first pathway represents 5 positions and 11 types of start and end times; the second pathway represents 4 positions and 8 time intervals. Consequently, MTBF becomes longer because the new arrangement shortens the time distances between the start of failure and repair process end, between diagnosis end and test, and between inspection end and the system's return to normal operating conditions. The motivations are to raise the reliability value, quality level, and effective maintenance and save costs. This work used the data collection and analysis method. The results showed that there is a higher reliability for manufacturing systems when the time arrangement is better, MTBF is longer, MTTD is shorter, MTTR is smaller, MTTF is longer, and the error rate is lower.
Due to the instability and irregular of national electric power supplied to residence sector in Iraq for long term history, attracted researchers interest to strive for solutions, and associated challenge dry and very hot summer season in Iraq on air conditioning application, A test room full size prototype was constructed in Baghdad, its size 33.5m3, the room is built from very good thermal insulation Autoclave Aerated Concrete AAC with white panted Concrete roof, test room is exposed to solar radiation during entire day, thermal energy shifted by time using thermal energy storage TES containing PCM, PCM is soft paraffin its phase inversion temperature (29 to 27)°C, thermal energy was shifted from night timing by cooling down TES (Discharging PCM) to peak time 11:00 am to 02:00 pm, the testes were carried out over entire summer season April to October, the results showed thermal energy can shift to by any quantity and time based on mass of PCM and enthalpy, electrical energy saved at peak time 52.5% of total power spent over season 2.7KW/day, Only 27% of electric energy utilized to discharge PCM during night, about 43% of heat lose is sourced from exposed roof, melting and solidification of PCM temperature must be within indoor comfort range 23 to 28 ?C to release or absorb the latent heat 41kJ/kg.
Improvements in the thermo-physical properties of Phase Change Materials (PCM) caused by nanoparticle dissipation are critical for a wide range of technologies. The current study describes numerically the investigation of the charging and discharging process of paraffin wax dispersed with different concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10% ) of Alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3), in a Single Thermal Energy Storage (STES) system. For this study, a time-dependent, two-dimensional simulation of the solidification and melting process was performed numerically for different velocities. The study is realized using the CFD ANSYS FLUENT software package (Version 18) that employs the phase-change phenomenon using the enthalpy technique. The results show that adding alumina nanoparticles to paraffin wax reduces the melting and solidification process, and raising nanoparticle concentration accelerated the melting and solidification process even more when compared to pure paraffin wax. The greatest improvement was obtained with the maximum concentration of nanoparticles with total time saving between (12% - 11.76% ) in the charging process and between ( 15.71% - 19.60% ) in the discharging process depending on velocity. Furthermore, other important findings were that the presence of nanoparticles makes a little effect in the early stages of the solidification and melting processes, but as time passes, the rate of solidification and melting rises. Comparison with previous works gave good agreement of about 34%.
This study simulates a free-space optical communication system that uses optical beams with varying responses to atmospheric disturbances to secure transmitted data. Atmospheric turbulence was modeled with high accuracy to replicate real-world conditions closely. Non-diffracting beams were generated and used to represent optical beams and compared in two scenarios, conventional data transmission, and optifusion data protection. This approach facilitated a comprehensive analysis of the transmission environment and the effectiveness of optifusion, identifying the most suitable non-diffracting beam types for secure data propagation. By analyzing the values of key performance metrics of the selected non-diffracting beams across different weather conditions and long propagation distances, the study demonstrated the simulation system's reliability and the optifusion method's effectiveness in enhancing data security. The results showed that non-diffracting beams resist atmospheric turbulences strongly, emphasizing their potential for secure, long-range free-space optical communications.
In an original article, an addition was made to the well-known Taguchi’s methodical design literature by proposing how Poisson distribution may be incorporated into the Taguchi method for enhanced performance analysis in optimization. While the article is recent, it was found compelling enough to apply this novel concept of Poisson distribution to a growing area of maintenance research known as maintenance downtime analysis. Consequently, this paper contributes to the expanding research neighborhood through a Taguchi optimization method based on Poisson distribution related to the maintenance process optimization. A valuable method to optimize maintenance downtime was developed wherein the Poisson distribution was used to achieve the probability of maintenance downtime. An important foundation of the method is the Taguchi scheme. These elements were transformed into the factor-level design of the Poisson enhanced Taguchi scheme while the framework was tested using data from a process industry for validation. Interesting, the Taguchi's signal-to-noise quotient led to an enhanced set of limiting factors for better reliability of the system as G1H1I1J1K3. By interpretation, the following was found: downtime (204.61 mins), probability density function (0.00187), and cumulative density function (0.00776). The combination of these factors and levels will enhance maintenance downtime in the process industry as a result of their contributions. The outcome revealed the competence of the model to optimization schemes.
Recent research has focused on analysing megakaryocyte images to extract the information needed to track the progression of nervous system diseases. Segmentation is a fundamental step in describing and analysing the core contents of megakaryocytes, including the cytoplasm and nucleus. In this study, 45 megakaryocyte images were obtained. A new segmentation image technique was proposed, called the updating fuzzy c-means technique, through the intelligent selection of the centres of each cluster to separate cell components. The first step of this technique (fuzzification) was based on a knowledge analysis of the local parameters (entropy, contrast and standard deviation) that had a substantial influence on the grey-level distribution between the cytoplasm and nucleus. The second important step was the construction of fuzzy rules in terms of the variation in these local parameters to control the intelligent pick-out or update the centroid of each cluster and obtain a successful separation of the cytoplasm and nucleus. The final step was defuzzification to obtain the output images. The results revealed the superiority of the proposed method over recent technique. The accuracy of the segmented nucleus was greater than 7.46%; in the case of the cytoplasm, the accuracy was higher at 18%. These results indicated that this technique may be applied on other biomedical images.
Facial expressions are a form of non-verbal communication, they appear as changes on the surface of the facial skin according to one's inner emotional states, aims, or social communications. Classification of these expressions is a normal process for humans, but it is a challenging task for machines.Lately, interest in facial expression recognition has grown, and many systems have been developed to classify expressions from facial images. Any expression recognition system is comprised of three steps. The first one is face acquisition, then feature extraction, and finally classification. The classification accuracy depends primarily on the feature extraction step. Therefore, in this research we study many texture feature extraction descriptors and compare their results under the same preprocessing circumstances; moreover, we propose two improvements for one of these descriptors, which give better results than the original one. We validate the results on two commonly used databases for expression recognition using Matlab programming language, wishing all of that to be an interesting point for researchers in this field.
As a result of the tremendous development taking place in modern systems and technologies in the field of electronic monitoring. Intelligent monitoring, decision making, and automated response systems have become common subjects at this time, especially after the development of machines responsible for these processes. Traffic surveillance is a trend goal nowadays using different techniques and equipment. In this article, real-time Object detection and tracking techniques were proposed for traffic surveillance using image processing techniques. A state was specifically examined for its ability to detect and count passing motorcycles on a highway in a specific area. The results showed good reliability, with a frame processing time of approximately about (30 ms) and the achievement of real-time performance. The main contribution of this article is reaching the best result implemented by the performance the real-time process using image process technique and tracking the object by depending on the sequencing of frames and can stands with rationally not so powerful machines. Several tools have been used for different types of necessary tasks that will be part of the required application such as Python 3.7; which was used to build the basic algorithms,Visual studio code (VSC) as an Integrated Development Environment (IDE), and Anaconda navigator for downloading many useful libraries. The specifications of the used device were Intel(R) Core (TM) i7- 10750H CPU @ 2.60GHz 2.59 GHz, RAM 16.0 GB, NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1650 GPU, 64-bit operating system, x64-based processor.
Computed tomography (CT) imaging is an important diagnostic tool. CT imaging facilitates the internal rendering of a scanned object by measuring the attenuation of beams of X-ray radiation. CT employs a mathematical technique of image reconstruction; those techniques are classified as; analytical and iterative. The iterative reconstruction (IR) methods have been proven to be superior over the analytical methods, but due to their prolonged reconstruction time, those methods are excluded from routine use in clinical applications. In this paper the reconstruction time of an IR algorithm is minimized through the employment of an adaptive region growing segmentation method that focuses the image reconstruction process on a specified region, thus ignoring unwanted pixels that increase the computation time. This method is tested on the iterative algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) algorithm. Some phantom images are used in this paper to demonstrate the effects of the segmentation process. The simulation results are executed using MATLAB (version R2018b) programming language, and a computer system with the following specifications: CPU core i7 (2.40 GHz) for processing. Simulation results indicate that this method will reduce the reconstruction time of the iterative algorithms, and will enhance the quality of the reconstructed image.
Orthoses and prostheses were Chosen and laminated based on their high Yield, ultimate stresses, bending stresses, and fatigue limit. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized to find the best values for two parameters reinforcement perlon fiber and percent of Titanium Nanoparticle coupled with the matrix resin during optimization. The response surface methodology combined the expertise of mathematicians and statisticians to construct and analyze experimental models. Using this method, we identified 13 different lamination samples comprising a wide range of perlon number and Ti nano Wt% in their Perlon layer composition. All lamination materials defined by RSM methods and produced by a vacuum system were subjected to a battery of tests, with fatigue tests performed on the ideal laminating material in contrast to laminations created in the first study (Tensile test, Bending test, and Fatigue tests according to the ASTM D638 and D790 respectively). In comparison to the other 12 laminations tested using Design Expert version 10.0.2, the lamination with ten perlon layers and 0.75 percent Ti nano proved to be the strongest overall in terms of Yield, ultimate, and bending loads. This study used composite materials and titanium nanoparticles to characterize and fabricate ankle foot orthoses. Strength in bending should amount to about 70 MPa, around 85 MPa in tensile tension. Two empirical quadratic equations for the models of peak bending strength and maximum tensile stress with 95% confidence were created using the response surface approach and analysis of variance within the design of experiments software.
In this work, for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications, a passive filter antenna with edge chamfering is investigated in this paper. The performance of an optimized UWB antenna design that achieves an advanced fractional impedance bandwidth of 102% is confirmed by simulation and experimentation. The performance of the antenna is improved by integrating a lowpass filter (LPF) into the fed line, which suppresses high-frequency radiation with a central frequency of 3.5 GHz (WiMAX), the UWB antenna has been transformed into a narrowband antenna, offering a 43.7% fractional bandwidth that spans the frequency range from 2.7 GHz to 3.9 GHz. A stepped impedance transmission line and an extended fractal H-shaped structure integrated in the microstrip feedline make up the filtering network. Using CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS), key performance parameters such as the radiation patterns, efficiency, gain, and reflection coefficient (S11) were examined. In its prototype, the antenna reduces its size by 5% and is made on a FR4 substrate with a permittivity coefficient of 4.3 and a loss tangent of 0.02. A maximum gain of 1.7 dBi and a peak efficiency of 78% at the center frequency were verified experimentally. The center frequency was verified experimentally. The tiny antenna, which measures 0.30λ₀ × 0.37λ₀ × 0.008λ₀, performs well and is appropriate for UWB applications. The design makes a significant addition to the realm of UWB technology by incorporating elements that improve its ability to adapt.
This paper proposes a design for a network connected over public networks using Virtual Private Network (VPN) technique. The network consists of five sites; center server and four customer service sites, each site consists of a number of LANs depending on the user services requirements. This work aims to measure the effect of VPN on the performance of a network. Four approaches are implements: Network design without using VPN, network design using VPN with centralized servers, network design using VPN with distributed servers, and network design using server load balance.The OPNET and BOSON simulation results show higher response time for packet transmission due to effect of VPN tunneling. The concurrent activation of application execution is used as a solution to the delay problem of the initial timing period while the application proceeds. The results dealing with QoS are E-mail, FTP, voice services traffic and IP traffic dropped. The VPN Tunnels is in the range of (0.01 to 0.02) sec.; along with this simulator there are four VPN tunnels in the network. Also, a special server’s load balance is used to manage distribution of the server processing load across all other network servers to achieve the best response
In this work it had been focused on the possibility of replacement of steel spring in suspension system by fiber reinforced polymer composite that is responsible for light weight of spring which leads to reduces the weight of vehicle and improve fuel efficiency. This type of spring used in motor cycles, light weight vehicle. The design will be simulated by ANSYS workbench. Then, E-Glass fiber has been used to fabricate helical compression spring of 40% fiber volume fraction of glass. with polyester resin. The deflection of glass reinforced composite spring is more than steel spring but within permissible limit. weight of composite spring is reduced by 57% than of steel.
The hydrodynamics of stirred tanks and bubble breakup are crucial in gas-liquid flows, yet this system has not been well characterized for different operating conditions. In this work, the numerical method was used to investigate the hydrodynamics of six- flat blades impeller (Rushton turbine) and the results were employed to understand the bubble breakup behavior in the stirred tank. Simulation results of predicted flow pattern, power number, and the distribution of turbulence energy generated were performed with COMSOL Multiphysics. Numerical results showed good agreement with the experimental literature. The effect of rotational speed on bubble breakup behavior, such as breakage probability, the average number of daughter bubbles, and the breakage time was investigated using the high-speed imaging method. The main finding is that the breakage process occurs in the high energy area of high turbulence intensity, which is located within a distance equal to the blade width of a radius of (15-35 mm). The breakage probability (Bp) was found to be increased by 12.61 percent for a mother bubble of 4 mm at 340 rpm, with an average fragmentation of up to 22 fragments. Furthermore, the bubble breakage time was found to decrease with increasing impeller rotational speed, with an average value of 19.8 ms.
Gait analysis can be described as a field of biomechanical engineering dealing with the subject of human locomotion. This study aimed to identify the effect of Ilizarov on gait when the presence the above-knee prosthesis. The study was made on a 50-year-old male patient was underwent correction right tibia with Ilizarov fixation due to war accident in July 2012. Also, this accident led to trans-femoral amputation. Two-dimensional gait system of a synchronized 25 Hz camera with an AMTI force platform was use for measuring gait kinematics and kinetics data while walking at a self-selected speed. These data can be used as standard measures in pathology studies, as input to theoretical joint models, and as input to mechanical joint simulators treated with Ilizarov and prosthetics.
Today, our cities are facing a host of challenges to accomplish the quality of life or their inhabitants. On the one hand, city planners and architects seek to preserve heritage, habits, and city peculiarities. On the other hand, it is necessary that the city is kept abreast of the rapid changes in Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and smart city concept. In Baghdad, it could be observed that there are several activities based on community initiatives, awareness campaigns, and initiatives which are self-funding from youth or funding from NGOs, and INGOs. How can we invest in such initiatives to achieve a smart city, emphasizing that the city is for the people, not a city of things? As we know that smart cities have six factors: smart (economy, governance, environment, people, mobility, and living)._x000D_ This paper assumes that smart communities are the seventh factor of smart cities factors which could play an essential role to apply the smartness in Baghdad. In this case, it will help to achieve making decisions and a feedback evaluation system will be subject to transparency, openness, vitality, and sustainability because it will stem from the community and ensure the sustainability in a smart city.
In this research, polymer polymethyl methacrylate PMMA composite with nano ceramic Zr and HAp material were used to manufacture one part of the implant system (femoral ball head of hip implant). Three set of hybrid materials were fabricated and tested for this study; the first mixtures which contains 100% (PMMA), the second mixtures which contains (90% (PMMA) + 8% (Zr) + 2% (HAp)), and the third mixtures which contains (80% (PMMA) + 18% (Zr) + 2% (HAp)) were investigated. The mechanical properties for these mixtures increased with the increasing of nano ceramic concentration (Zr and HAp) composite material in the polymer compared to pure polymer PMMA sample. However, an increase in the concentration of Zr from 8% to 18% content cause a considerable decrease of the hardness where a drop of homogeneity in Zr- matrix PMMA contact occurred, V Hardness value are (68 ,80 and 70) Kg.mm for three mixture respectively. The wear test was in agreement with results of the hardness test. The weight loss of the above samples of the wear test were (0.041, 0.035 and 0.037) respectively. According to mechanical properties, the best sample contains (90% (PMMA) + 8% (Zr) + 2% (HAp)). The Scanning electron microscopy resolute showed the particles forming semi-continuous network along grain boundaries polymer for second sample mixtures containing (90% (PMMA) + 8% (Zr) + 2% (HAp)), provides a low atomic packing and high energy. This will make the grain boundaries more reactive and strengthen mechanical performance. The Optical microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and Xray spectroscopy analysis for In vitro test using SBF shows the growth of HAp layer with an increase in concentration of Ca and P elements formed on the surface of the second sample. This display of good results is a proof of the biocompatibility of the polymer sample.
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are essential for maximizing energy extraction from photovoltaic (PV) systems under diverse environmental conditions. This paper reviews three widely used MPPT methods Perturb and Observe (P&O), Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) highlighting their effectiveness in addressing challenges such as temperature fluctuations, varying irradiance, and shading. The P&O method is noted for its simplicity and low computational requirements, but it suffers from oscillations around the maximum power point under rapidly changing conditions. FLC offers enhanced adaptability and robustness by mimicking human decision-making, performing well in dynamic environments with moderate complexity. ANN-based methods demonstrate superior tracking efficiency and fast convergence, particularly under complex and highly variable conditions, due to their ability to learn and generalize from data. These findings underscore the importance of continued development of MPPT techniques, especially intelligent and hybrid approaches, to meet the growing demand for sustainable energy. Thus, solar energy remains a highly viable solution for modern energy needs.
Thyroid nodules (TNs) are discrete abnormalities located within the thyroid gland that are radiologically different from the surrounding thyroid tissue. Ultrasound is an accurate and efficient way to diagnose thyroid nodules. Recently, several methods of AI were proposed to improve the detection of thyroid nodules ultrasound images with good performances. However, in some cases related to the type or size of the dataset using machine or transfer deep learning methods alone is unable to achieve high accuracy and high specificity. Consequently, the addition of feature selection)FS) to the deep learning method enhances the results by reducing the high features and the time needed for training the dataset. This study proposes two deep-learning models for classifying thyroid nodule US images into two categories: benign and malignant. ResNet50 was the first model used to extract deep features from US images. The second model integrates ResNet50 and principal component analysis (PCA) for feature selection, intending to reduce dataset dimensionality while maintaining the greatest data variance possible before classification. The proposed model was created using a freely available dataset. The dataset consists of 800 images, 400 benign and 400 malignant. The suggested system was accessed based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The classification accuracy for ResNet50 was 85%, while ReNet50-PCA was 89.16%. The combination of deep learning and FS techniques in this research produces an interesting diagnostic framework that can potentially increase efficiency and accuracy in thyroid cancer detection, especially in local healthcare centers.
Many researchers have applied several experiments and research studies by developing criteria's design of drainage to improve the drainage process, and to show that the filters plays an important role to improve and maintain the drainage system from being blocked due to siltation. There are several types of filters, including granular mineral materials and organic materials, the other filter that was used is made from a special fabric material such as paper, burlap, or special fabric textile material. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of textile filters, and if it is desirable and suitable for Iraqi soil using statistical analysis. This study was conducted in the laboratory using sand tank model and two types of filters (graded crushed gravel and textile) with two types of soil (sandy soil and loamy soil) to compare and evaluate the hydraulic performance and the efficiency of utilizing textile filter instead of graded crushed gravel filter in drainage systems using statistical analysis methods. These statistical analysis show that there was a good agreement between measured and theoretical values of entrance resistance when using the two filters in sandy soil. On the other hand, the results showed that there was a weak performance when textile filters in were used in heavy soil (loamy soil) due to the high value of root mean square error (RMSE) and low value of agreement index (d). The results of statistical analysis show that the textile filter is desirable and suitable for Iraqi soil especially for sandy soil due to low entrance resistance of flow compared to loamy soil.
Prosthetic is an artificial tool that replaces part of the human frame absent because of ailment, damage, or distortion. The current activities in Iraq draw interest to the upper limb discipline because of the growth in variety of amputees and. It is necessary to do extensive researches in this subject to help lessen the struggling of patients. This paper describes the design and development of low-cost prosthesis for people with transradial amputations. The presented design involves a hand with five fingers moving by means of a gear box mechanism. The design of this artificial hand allows five degrees of freedom(5DOF), one degree of freedom for each finger. The artificial hand works by an actuation system (6V) Polou motor with gear ratio equal to 50:1 due to its compactness and cheapness. The designed hand was manufactured by a 3D printing process using polylacticacid material (PLA). Some experimental were accomplished using the designed hand for gripping objects. Initially the EMG signal was recorded when the muscle contracted in one second, two seconds, three seconds. The synthetic hand was able to produce range of gesture and grasping moves separately just like the actual hand by using KNN classification which are complete hand Pinch, fist, and jack chuck. The simulation of the fingers movements was achieved using ANSYS software to analysis the movement (pinch, fist, and jack chuck), obtain bested of stress influencer at each finger, and maximum deformation at each movement.
The solar vortex engine (SVE) has been investigated to generate power using renewable energy. The SVE was constructed from a vortex generation engine (VGE) and solar air collector (SAC). The SVE system primarily utilizes vertical air movement. However, the airflow entering the VGE experiences an obstruction. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new design for the VGE that creates a swirling updraft capable of overcoming air obstruction and reducing energy losses. A 3D numerical model of VGE was developed to visualize vortex generation. The modeling of the VGE is carried using SOLIDWORKS software and ANSYS-FLUENT 18. The improved VGE has six vertical twisted convergence blades connected to six guide vanes to direct updraft air in an anticlockwise swirl. All blades and vanes are housed in a VGE cylinder with a diameter of 20cm and a height of 30cm. The simulation results were validated by comparing with the results obtained from the present experimental model. The simulation results match with a mean difference of less than 5% with the experimental measurements. The results of the current CFD investigation indicate that there is a gradient in air temperature and pressure within the VGE, ranging from the highest values of 314 K and 3.85 Pa to the lowest values of 308 K and 2.42 Pa, respectively. The CFD visualization shows a threefold increase in axial velocity and a fivefold increase in tangential velocity within an artificial vortex. Therefore, it can be concluded that the new VGE construction is highly efficient in generating a vortex.
Mobility limitations in stroke survivors yield negative impacts on the quality of life for such individuals. Rehabilitation is needed to help them recover and regain mobility. Accordingly, this study aims to design and validate a “Robotic Exoskeleton” intended for stroke rehabilitation. The basic principles of this robotic exoskeleton device are its dependence on electromyography signal and electronic microcontroller to provide an efficient physiotherapy exercises system.The robotic exoskeleton is a one degree of freedom which performs the flexion and extension of the elbow joint. After the design was completed, 19 subjects participated in this study: 4 healthy subjects, and 15 post-stroke patients.The results showed the benefit of robotic exoskeleton in increasing the elbow range of motion, where angle of elbow flexion was raised from the first physiotherapy session to maximum elbow flexion in the last session.
Additionally, it has been demonstrated that osseointegrated implantation offers superior proprioception and control over the prosthesis, enabling more natural movement and improved functional results. Additionally, it lowers the chance of falling and increases energy transfer efficiency, making it simpler for amputees to engage in physical activity. Furthermore, as compared to conventional socket prosthesis attachment, osseointegrated implantation has been linked to higher patient satisfaction and quality of life._x000D_ It is crucial to remember that osseointegration is a surgical operation with risks including infection and implant failure. Additionally, for effective implantation, it needs a specific amount and quality of bone, which may restrict its usage in some individuals. Furthermore, osseointegrated implantation could be more expensive than conventional socket prosthetics._x000D_ Understanding the efficacy and safety of this method requires research on complication rates and outcome metrics in patients having osseointegrated prosthesis implantation. You may acquire information on things like infection rates, implant failure, patient satisfaction, and functional results by studying original research papers. Clinical decision-making can then be improved with the use of this information._x000D_ In transfemoral amputees, osseointegration has showed promise as a powerful substitute for socket prostheses. A growing corpus of research has shown that osseointegrated implantation provides advantages in terms of increasing mobility, decreasing discomfort, and improving general quality of life. The efficiency of osseointegration for transtibial and upper extremity implants has received little attention._x000D_ Minor soft tissue infections are the most frequent consequences, although they are manageable with the right treatment and monitoring. To further reduce the risk of problems and improve the overall success of osseointegrated implantation, research and development are ongoingly focused on enhancing surgical methods and implant design._x000D_ Although osseointegration has a lot of potential, not all amputees may be good candidates for it. Considerations for osseointegrated implantation must take into consideration elements including the degree and nature of the amputation, the quality and density of the bone, and the desires of the patient.
Recent scholarly efforts have extensively explored the efficacy of solar dish concentrators through both numerical simulations and empirical investigations. These studies predominantly scrutinize the interplay between solar receiver geometry and the dual objectives of minimizing heat loss while amplifying thermal efficiency. This comprehensive review synthesizes the spectrum of research dedicated to examining various cavity receiver geometries alongside their optimization techniques when integrated with parabolic dish collectors. We systematically assess configurations, including flat-sided, cylindrical, conical, and hemispherical designs. Our findings highlight that for an inlet temperature set at 200oC, the conical cavity receiver is distinguished by an exergy efficiency of 30%, a thermal efficiency approximating 70%, and an optical efficiency nearing 87%, maintaining a working fluid temperature range of 650°C to 750°C. The elevated operational temperatures, coupled with the inherent geometry of the cavity, accentuate the significance of mitigating heat losses attributed to convection, conduction, and radiation, as these factors critically impinge on system performance. Additional variables such as cavity inclination angle, diameter-to-depth ratio, tubing contour, and material selection are identified as instrumental in influencing cavity heat losses. Consequently, the pursuit of an optimized cavity receiver geometry emerges as a pivotal area of study. Drawing upon the issues analyzed, we propose strategic recommendations and conclude with insightful remarks poised to guide future research endeavors.
Shallow foundation suffers from considerable settlement, displacement and tilting under earthquakes. This is particularly due to the shaking associated with earthquakes that lead to the generation of horizontal seismic load transferred through the soil to the foundation. Also, liquefaction could take place during the earthquake in the saturated loose sand. To alleviate the detrimental effect of earthquakes, ground improvement is required. This study examines the response of the shallow square foundation rested on loose sand soil reinforced with geogrid reinforcement when subjected to 2023 Turkey earthquake by using a shaking table system. Different number of geogrid layers are installed; (one, two, three and four), also various geogrid configurations were examined which are (straight, trapezoidal and reverse trapezoidal). The acceleration response, settlement, horizontal displacement, rotation and pore water pressure developed in the sand soil and the shallow foundation during 2023 Turkey earthquake has been examined. The settlement and the horizontal displacement, foundation rotation, acceleration and pore water pressure were measured using rope displacement transducers, tilt sensors, accelerometers and pore water transducers respectively. The results showed that the acceleration amplifies when passing through loose sand. The results also indicated that the shallow foundation experienced noticeable settlement, horizontal displacement and rotation when subjected to the seismic loads. On the other hand, the installation of geogrid proved to be effective in controlling the problems associated with earthquakes. The optimum geogrid reinforcement is occurred when three layers of geogrid placed in reverse trapezoidal configuration (3RT) since it gave the best reduction in the acceleration amplification and the highest decrease in the foundation settlement, displacement and tilting which is about (60-66) %. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of geogrid minimizes when the sand soil becomes saturated. In addition, liquefaction occurs during earthquakes especially at the shallower depths because of the decrease in the shear strength of saturated soil.
Contemporary urban discourse is paying increasing attention to the issue of urban resilience, due to the stresses, disasters and disturbances (natural and human) that the cities of the world are experiencing and facing, which confirms the need to be familiar with the concept of urban resilience, its dimensions, practices, and characteristics at different levels; In order to reach the aspects of developing the urban energy sector in them, and in a way that supports the preparedness of cities to face potential expected and unexpected disturbances in the future, as cities are usually formed from many main and sub-systems that are dynamically intertwined with each other, such as: the social and economic system, infrastructure systems, land use, and media Various transports, which have a high level of direct interactions with the natural environment; ; It is therefore necessary to understand how the city deals with the odds of threats and challenges in an integrated manner; To overcome its weaknesses and enhance its resilience of use, which aims to make cities more secure, resilient and sustainable in the future, as well as that requires rethinking the field of expanding the use of renewable energies and the general urban landscape. To become a search problem “Failure to exploit the potential of natural energies on the possibility of exploiting renewable natural energies with their components (active and passive) in the production of resilience urban formations in cities.” The aim of the research is to try to "extract an integrated theoretical framework on the characteristics of urban energy resilience from international and Arab experiences, and to diagnose its most important planning and design pillars and indicators, which can be adopted to evaluate the reality of urban energy resilience in local cities." The research hypothesized that “the exploitation of energy systems produced from renewable natural resources, for the purposes of environmental treatments for resilient cities, especially in the buildings of housing projects and their urban surroundings, reduces the consumption of fossil energies for the city, frees its sites from linking to depleted energy transmission networks, and reduces potential environmental pollution problems, which contributes to in the production of flexible energy systems and helps in the generation of flexible cities." The descriptive analysis method was adopted.
This paper aims to assess the structures' seismic response with a system of Single-degree-of-freedom exposed to near-fault earthquakes, taking into account the effect of pulse period, shear wave velocity (VS30), and fault mechanism. Strong ground motion data were taken for different events in different places around the world and the prism software program is used for the analysis of seismic response for structures recognized as single-degree-of-freedom systems. Results show that the ground motion with a higher value of (VS30) provides an acceleration response higher than that of the lower value of (VS30). However, the findings revealed that the peak displacement requirements are observed in a nearby of the pulse period limits. In addition, it is noticed that there is an obvious increase in spectrum demand with longer pulse periods. Finally, results show at short vibration periods (T? 0.6sec) for both types (strike slip and dip slip) comparable results while an increment is observed in the results of the strike-slip for vibration periods more than (0.6sec) of the acceleration response spectrum. Nonetheless, for the velocity response spectrum dip-slip continuous in flocculating with a significant increase.
Normal concrete is weak against tensile strength, has low ductility and also insignificant resistance to cracking. The addition of diverse types of fibers at specific proportions can enhance the mechanical properties as well as the durability. Discrete fiber, which is commonly used, have many disadvantages such as balling the fiber, random distribution, and limitation of the used Vf ratio. Based on this vision, a new technique was discovered, enhancing concrete by textile-fiber to avoid all the problems mentioned above. This paper presents all important consequence and conclusions obtained from previous studies on how to strengthen concrete with two-dimensional and three-dimensional textile-fibers, and focuses on the flexural behavior of concrete members. The results indicate that there was an improvement in flexural strength, deformation capacity, and toughness with different load conditions when using different types of textile-fiber. It was observed that the effect of textile-fibers would increase when this fiber was coated by epoxy. In TRC system, there is a significant impact on the number of textile-fiber layers used.
A failing heart can be supported in several ways, including cardiopulmonary bypass pumps (CPB), extracorporeal membrane oxygenators (ECMOs), and other types of auxiliary heart pumps. The intra-aortic-balloon-pump (IABP) is one technique of internal counter-pulsation that supports maintaining the circulatory system It continues to be used as a vascular support device to critically unwell cardiac patients. Many recent studies have focused on the problems of the (IABP) in open-heart surgery, while other researchers concentrated on the positioning and size of the balloon, some of them studied the timing of the balloon's inflation and deflation. this paper has reviewed a brief Introduction, the basic principles of the balloon, how to trigger the balloon pump as well as the use of IABP in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG), balloon mistiming of inflation and deflation, balloon timing usage within open-heart surgery and finally a balloon position and sizing.
In the last two decades, underwater acoustic sensor networks have begun to be used for commercial and non-commercial purposes. In this paper, the focus will be on improving the monitoring performance system of oil pipelines. Linear wireless sensor networks are a model of underwater applications for which many solutions have been developed through several research studies in previous years for data collection research. In underwater environments, there are certain inherent limitations, like large propagation delays, high error rate, limited bandwidth capacity, and communication with short-range. Many deployment algorithms and routing algorithms have been used in this field. In this work a new hierarchical network model proposed with improvement to Smart Redirect or Jump algorithm (SRJ). This improved algorithm is used in an underwater linear wireless sensor network for data transfer to reduce the complexity in routing algorithm for relay nodes which boost delay in communication. This work is implemented using OMNeT++ and MATLAB based on their integration. The results obtained based on throughput, energy consumption, and end to the end delay.
Reinforced concrete slab with plastic voids (Bubbled Deck system) is a new type of slabs which has two-dimensional arrangement of voids within the slab that is developed to decrease the slab self-weight while maintaining approximately the same load carrying capacity as compared with the solid slabs. Plastic voided slabs have the ability to reduce concrete amount by about 30 percent and this reduction is so important in terms of cost saving and enhancement the structural performance. In this research paper investigation is carried out to study the shear strength behavior of one-way bubble deck slab using self-compacting reinforced concrete. The experimental program consists of testing thirteen one-way slabs with dimensions of (1700 length, 700 width and 150 thick) mm. One of the tested slabs is a solid slab (without balls) is used as a reference, the remaining twelve bubbled slabs with ball diameter (73, 60) mm are divided into five groups according to the parameters of the experimental work, the parameters of the experimental work include: type of slab (bubble and solid slabs), ball diameter (73, 60) mm, shear reinforcement and spacing between balls. The experimental results showed that the bubbled slabs without shear reinforcement have a decrease in the ultimate load as compared to solid slab by about 3.7% to 14.3% and an increase in the deflection at ultimate load by about 10% to 22%, at the same time the first crack load decreases by about 15.3% to 42.4% as compared to solid slab due to decreases of moment of inertia of bubble slab compared to solid slab. Also, the results showed that the bubbled slabs withe shear reinforcement (multi-leg) have an increase in the ultimate load as compared to solid slab by about 35.4% to 57.3% and an increase in the deflection at ultimate load by about 1% to 15%, at the same time the first crack load decreases by about 2.8% to 27.4% as compared to solid slab.
In the present work the effect of Corrosion & Scale Inhibitor was evaluated by using of the commercial product (Kurita S2050) that mainly containing of (Na2HPO4) sodium phosphate as corrosion inhibitor and (C6H11NaO7) sodium glocunate as scale inhibitor & dispersant. The dosing rate of this chemical was controlled according to the treatment system depend mainly on the monitoring of LI & RI indexes for (30) days treatment in the cooling tower unit of Al-Dora Oil refinery-Baghdad. The corrosion rate and the corrosion inhibitors efficiency were calculated by measurement of weight loss in standard test coupon (AISI 1010). After 30 day of the Field Test, the result show that the treatment program performance was effective in the corrosion & scale inhibition through an acceptable corrosion rate less than 0.018 in gmd. Also the result of corrosion rate was analyzed statistically by using of (ANN) to formulate a prediction equation to corrosion rate identification.
The technique of recording muscle signals is crucial in determining how effectively they can be utilized for individual benefit. This study focuses on hand movements recognized by using the Myo armband and Motion Processing Unit (MPU) 6050 sensors. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), K-nearest neighbors (k-NN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were employed for classification. sEMG signals using the Myo armband for 7 hand gestures and 2 elbow movements were recorded from 10 healthy subjects. Results showed that SVM outperforms LDA and k-NN in accuracy in both cases, the sensor is worn once on the arm and again on the forearm. regions. The window size and choice of features significantly influence system accuracy, with SVM achieving an average accuracy of 89.84%. Besides that, the fusion of Myo Armband sensor and gyroscope sensor through OR rule makes significant enhancement in recognition accuracy with which is reached to 97.0135%. In conclusion, the Myo armband, when worn on the forearm, proves practical for hand gesture recognition, with SVM offering superior recognition accuracy. Furthermore, the combination of the Myo Armband sensor and the gyroscope sensor showed higher recognition accuracy.
This research introduces a method of an electro-optic effect and electro-refractive effect that considers very imperative for high-speed optical communication systems. In this research, it presents way by a reduction the gap between the electrodes d, and this technique achieves to solve the problem of overlap for Mach-Zehnder interferometer MZI electro-optical switch base on lithium tantalite LiTaO3, also this technique suggests a model for analysis the effect parameters on the electro-optic overlap of the electro-optic switch as the ordinary positive changing of refractive index and a length of arm switch. This study achieves a better overlap by large positive changing refractive index with a suitable small length of arm about 8µm and low driving power at least 4V/µm. Also, for lithium tantalite LiTaO3, this research achieves a better performance for system using the near infrared wavelength.
Experiments were conducted to study the effect of quenching medium carbon steel in water-based MWCNTs nanofluids at 0.05 % wt. concentration quenchant, a large cylindrical sample with 46 mm diameter and 40 mm length made from medium carbon steel used with three K-type thermocouples with a diameter of 1.5 mm inserted in three locations for sample (center of the sample, mid-point between center and surface and 1 mm from the surface). A time-temperature reading data system was used to read temperature history during cooling stage.The same experiments were simulated using ANSYS Workbench with Thermal Transient Version 19, the cooling curves at three locations for the cylindrical steel sample calculated during quenching in MWCNTs nanofluids. Quench factor analysis was used to predict the hardness results from the calculated and measured cooling curves, and these results compared with the hardness test results conducted in the significant sample from the center to the surface. The results show excellent compatibility when compared between the hardness results from cooling curves, and it also shows a good agreement with the results of the hardness test, especially at the sample surface.
The Ilizarov system is a form of external fixation device utilized by medical professionals to aid patients who have sustained injuries from accidents, bone shortening, or nonunion of the bone. The device is fixed onto the long bone of the patient and is adjusted according to the nature of the injury. Ilizarov's techniques are minimal invasiveness, not aggressive, spare tissues and involve little blood loss. It consists of wires that are secured to a modular circular frame and then tightened. The Ilizarov fixator is a valuable tool for treating acute fractures, especially in cases where there is bone loss and compromised soft tissue. Several studies have aimed to improve the effectiveness of Ilizarov fixation through modifications to its frame components, such as ring diameter, transosseous element diameter, ring separation, transosseous element count in each ring, and number of rings, as well as the type of transosseous element employed, including wires, full-pins, or half-pins. Furthermore, positioning of transosseous elements at the correct crossing angle without damaging the nerves and vessels while considering the intricacy of bone deformities. Recent advancements in Ilizarov fixation will be thoroughly reviewed in this manuscript, with a particular focus on improving the stiffness of the entire frame. The main objective of this review is to pinpoint the optimal configurations, with a particular focus on stiffness, in order to foster stability and ensure a successful recuperation.
Double skin composite (DSC) construction or Steel/concrete/steel sandwich construction (SCSS) is an innovative and relatively new form of composite construction that can be used in submerged tube tunnels, bridges deck, nuclear structures, liquid and gas containment structures, offshore and onshore structures, military shelters, and shear walls in buildings. The system consists of a plain concrete core sandwiched between two steel plates interconnected together by various types of mechanical shear connectors. The DSC construction perceives advantages that the external steel plates act as both formwork and primary reinforcement, and also as impermeable, blast and impact resistant membranes. The major duty of the shear connectors is to withstand longitudinal shear force and beam/slab separation, while in the bi-steel type where shear connectors are friction welded at both their two ends to two parallel steel plates, the longitudinal and transverse shear force, as well as plate buckling are resisted. The present paper highlights the previous prime researches concerning the subjects of SCSS composite construction, specifically on the conducted tests (push-out tests, tensile, direct shear tests, and bending tests) in which the components of partial interaction (uplift and slip forces) are resisted by various types of shear connectors.
The study aims to evaluate the current flood carrying capacity and its change after some cross sections developments for the 110 km reach of Tigris River and Kmait flood escape system. This reach extends from Ali Al-Gharbi station to Amarah Barrage station. The model is calibrated by using set of data at the Ali Al-Garbi gaging station, that includes flow varied between 790 to 470 m3/s during April 2019. Manning’s n coefficient value of (0.03) is selected as it has the minimum least-squares root difference of (0.148) between the measured and estimated water levels. The results show that the current capacity of Kmait flood escape and this Tigris River reach are 280 m3/s and 1100 m3/s, respectively. According to the study of strategic for water and land resources in Iraq, 2014, scenarios are conducted for some cross sections development to improve the capacity of the reach to 2750 m3/s. Results of applied development show that Tigris River can safely accommodate a flood wave of 2750 m3/s when modifying the cross-sections in different locations, and raising the banks level in three locations, 0+00, 79+00 and 95+00km. Earthworks volume of development of the reach is 247603200 million m³, with the total cost of 490 billion IQD.
The process of increasing the heat transfer coefficient, resulting in enhancing system efficiency, is known as heat transfer enhancement. Enhancing heat transport is both economically beneficial and a considerable energy conservation problem. To improve heat transfer, many passive components are utilized within tubes, including wire plugs, enhanced surfaces, rough edges, twisted tape inserts, and liquid additives. This study evaluated twisted tape inserts, which are highly effective passive devices. Considering its numerous advantages, such as effortless maintenance, uncomplicated operation, and straightforward production. The twisted tape inserts within the tube generated a vortex and swirling flow. The interior convective heat transfer process is significantly improved. A summary of various twisting tape additives that can boost performance.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that severely impacts cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and reasoning, ultimately affecting daily life. Early and accurate detection is crucial for timely intervention and management. Traditional diagnostic methods, including neuroimaging and cognitive assessments, can be expensive and time-consuming, necessitating more accessible and efficient alternatives. This study aims to develop an automated and efficient deep learning-based detection system that uses Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to accurately classify AD and healthy individuals. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model was designed to extract meaningful features from preprocessed EEG data. The architecture consists of convolutional layers with max pooling, dropout regularization, and fully connected layers to improve classification accuracy. The model was trained and evaluated on a comprehensive EEG dataset, using key performance metrics such as accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-score. The proposed CNN model achieved a high classification accuracy of 94.56%, a low loss of 0.2162, and an AUC value of 0.93828, demonstrating superior classification capability. The results indicate that the model effectively distinguishes between AD and healthy individuals, outperforming several state-of-the-art approaches. The findings highlight the potential of deep learning-based EEG analysis for AD detection, providing an accessible and cost-effective tool for early diagnosis. The high accuracy of the proposed CNN model suggests that it can assist medical professionals in making well-informed decisions, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an indispensable method that reconstructs three dimensional (3D) images. CBCT employs a mathematical technique of reconstruction, which reveals the anatomy of the patient’s body through the measurements of projections. The mathematical techniques employed in the reconstruction process are classified as; analytical, and iterative. The iterative reconstruction methods have been proven to be superior over the analytical methods, but due to their prolonged reconstruction time those methods are excluded from routine use in clinical applications. The aim of this research is to accelerate the iterative methods by performing the reconstruction process using a graphical processing unit (GPU). This method is tested on two iterative-reconstruction algorithms (IR), the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), and the multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART). The results are compared against the traditional ART, and MART. A 3D test head phantom image is used in this research to demonstrate results of the proposed method on the reconstruction algorithms. The simulation results are executed using MATLAB (version R2018b) programming language and computer system with the following specifications: CPU core i7 (2.40 GHz) for the processing, with a NIVDIA GEFORCE GPU. Experimental results indicate, that this method reduces the reconstruction time for the iterative algorithms.
Quality control of riverbank roads is a vital part of the road construction and maintenance process and aims to ensure infrastructure quality, safety, and sustainability. This requires adherence to technical standards, constant auditing, and regular maintenance to maintain the condition of the roads and avoid potential problems. The first step in the quality control of roads is to test the efficiency of the subgrade soil. A geotechnical investigation of subgrade soil under river bank roads is carried out to evaluate the engineering properties of the soil and determine the soil’s ability to bear the loads resulting from vehicle movement and road traffic. This investigation includes analyzing soil samples and laboratory tests to determine soil properties and determine any improvements the soil needs to bear the loads. Soil samples were collected from Al-Kadhimiya Corniche Street. It was dried and subjected to laboratory tests, the soil in this study is classified as poorly graded sand (SP), GS 2.589, the shear strength parameters an internal friction angle of 33 degrees and cohesion of 0.5 kN/m2, and the results of the compaction test indicated that the optimal moisture content was 8.1%, with a maximum dry density was 18.24 kN/m3, CBR 26.04%, and chemical tests (SO3 0.222, pH 8.55, T.SS 0.891, CL 0.085). Software FAARFIELD was used to check pavement design, the thickness design was executed utilising a subgrade CBR value of 26.04%. The subgrade pavement thickness was determined to be 304mm in total. The results agree with the actual design of Al-Kadhimiya Corniche Street, which was recently maintained during the field investigation in 2023.
Many difficulties were recorded during laser-assisted tattoo removal. But most of them remain unknown. The recent literatures on laser tattoo removal focuses more on removal methods and systems than on side effects, such as temperature increase over tissue and ideal treatment parameters. This study aims to assess the surface temperature in compliance with eyebrow tattoo removal. The study was carried out for 55 patients aged between 22 and 43 years. The treatment was performed using a Nd:YAG laser (1064nm, Phi laser system) with an energy of 1000 mJ, a frequency of 3Hz, and a spot size of 8mm. The surface temperature of the skin during tattoo removal process was measured with a FLIR thermal camera. The results were analyzed by testing the normal state of distribution. The Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used. All patients finished the full treatment of three laser sessions to achieve the goal of total removal. After temperature comparison, the results showed a significant influence of skin nature and patients' age on temperature distribution on skin, as for older patients, the energy absorption increased. Additionally, patients with darker skin tones exhibited greater absorption. The benefit of deepening understanding appeared in the Temperature distribution in the tissues of the affected area and the surrounding area during laser irradiation, as it provides a guiding and reference function for the effect of photothermal therapy.
Diabetes is a long-term medical condition that impacts the way your body converts food into energy, it has the potential to lead to several severe health complications, such as heart disease, stroke, vision impairment, kidney issues, and nerve damage. Nevertheless, individuals with diabetes can lead extended and healthy lives with effective management. The goal of diabetes treatment is to keep your blood sugar levels within a healthy range. So Glucose measurement is an important part of diabetes management. It allows people with diabetes to track their blood sugar levels and make adjustments to their diet and medication as needed. Morning fasting blood glucose typically falls within the range of (70 mg/dL) to (110 mg/dL), while after a meal, blood glucose levels should ideally be below (140 mg/dL). In this proposed work an Arduino-based noninvasive glucose measurement device is proposed. Non-invasive glucose measurement devices do not require the user to prick their finger to draw blood. A Red Laser (RL) technique, is employed, this method surpasses the other invasive approach and non-invasive methods in terms of superiority. Since invasive techniques can be painful and expensive. This paper describes a new way to measure blood sugar levels without having to prick your finger. The method uses a red laser to shine light through the skin and measure how much the light is bent. The amount of bending tells the device how much sugar is in the blood. Numerous tests and experimental outcomes have been produced to demonstrate the exceptional accuracy of the proposed method.
The finite element method is one of the important methods in analyzing geotechnical engineering problems; its main advantage is the ability to apply for the materials exhibiting non-linear stress-strain behavior. In this study the finite element program PLAXIS 3D 2013 is used to study the behavior of the piles under the influence of seismic waves in saturated sandy soil and the effect of adding geogrid with the pile foundation. The program has been used to facilitate the representation of the real model, input the required soil parameters and implementation of seismic data. Seismic wave, the soil geometry and the pile dimensions were fixed in all models, while dimension and depth of the geogrid used were varied to study the influence of different depth and dimension in reducing the pile displacements and the pore water pressure of soil. The results show that The reduction in settlement ratio (the difference between settlement of pile without and with using geogrid to the settlement without using geogrid) for ( ×L/2), (L×L) and (2L×2L) are 10.6%, 17% and 21.3% respectively. And the settlement ratio for geogrid at depths 8.33% and 12.5% of pile length are 9.6% and 17% respectively.